Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Associated Factors in Indigenous Women in Ecuador: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Sampling Collection
2.4. HPV Genotyping
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genotype | Kañari | Shuar | Saraguro | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subtype | n = 131 | % | CI 95% | n = 145 | % | CI 95% | n = 120 | % | CI 95% | n = 396 | % | CI 95% |
16 * | 0 | (0.00) | - | 5 | (3.45) | 0.48–6.42 | 5 | (4.17) | 0.59–7.74 | 10 | (2.53) | 0.98–4.07 |
18 * | 1 | (0.76) | 0.00–2.25 | 1 | (0.69) | 0.00–2.04 | 1 | (0.83) | 0.00–2.46 | 3 | (0.76) | 0.00–1.61 |
26 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 0 | (0.00) | - | 2 | (1.67) | 0.00–3.96 | 2 | (0.51) | 0.00–1.2 |
31 * | 2 | (1.53) | 0.00–3.63 | 6 | (4.14) | 0.9–7.38 | 2 | (1.67) | 0.00–3.96 | 10 | (2.53) | 0.98–4.07 |
33 * | 0 | (0.00) | - | 1 | (0.69) | 0.00–2.04 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 1 | (0.25) | 0.00–0.75 |
35 * | 0 | (0.00) | - | 5 | (3.45) | 0.48–6.42 | 5 | (4.17) | 0.59–7.74 | 10 | (2.53) | 0.98–4.07 |
39 * | 2 | (1.53) | 0.00–3.63 | 7 | (4.83) | 1.34–8.32 | 6 | (5.00) | 1.1–8.9 | 15 | (3.79) | 1.91–5.67 |
45 * | 0 | (0.00) | - | 3 | (2.07) | 0.00–4.39 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 3 | (0.76) | 0.00–1.61 |
51 * | 1 | (0.76) | 0.00–2.25 | 3 | (2.07) | 0.00–4.39 | 1 | (0.83) | 0.00–2.46 | 5 | (1.26) | 0.16–2.36 |
52 * | 1 | (0.76) | 0.00–2.25 | 4 | (2.76) | 0.09–5.42 | 1 | (0.83) | 0.00–2.46 | 6 | (1.52) | 0.31–2.72 |
53 * | 3 | (2.29) | 0.00–4.85 | 5 | (3.45) | 0.48–6.42 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 8 | (2.02) | 0.63–3.41 |
56 * | 0 | (0.00) | - | 1 | (0.69) | 0.00–2.04 | 1 | (0.83) | 0.00–2.46 | 2 | (0.51) | 0.00–1.2 |
58 * | 9 | (6.87) | 2.54–11.2 | 7 | (4.83) | 1.34–8.32 | 1 | (0.83) | 0.00–2.46 | 17 | (4.29) | 2.3–6.29 |
59 * | 4 | (3.05) | 0.11–6.00 | 9 | (6.21) | 2.28–10.13 | 4 | (3.33) | 0.12–6.55 | 17 | (4.29) | 2.3–6.29 |
66 * | 2 | (1.53) | 0.00–3.63 | 4 | (2.76) | 0.09–5.42 | 3 | (2.50) | 0.00–5.29 | 9 | (2.27) | 0.8–3.74 |
68 * | 0 | (0.00) | - | 5 | (3.45) | 0.48–6.42 | 5 | (4.17) | 0.59–7.74 | 10 | (2.53) | 0.98–4.07 |
69 | 1 | (0.76) | 0.00–2.25 | 2 | (1.38) | 0.00–3.28 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 3 | (0.76) | 0.00–1.61 |
73 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 0 | (0.00) | - | 0 | (0.00) | - | 0 | (0.00) | - |
82 | 1 | (0.76) | 0.00–2.25 | 1 | (0.69) | 0.00–2.04 | 3 | (2.50) | 0.00–5.29 | 5 | (1.26) | 0.16–2.36 |
6 | 3 | (2.29) | 0.00–4.85 | 2 | (1.38) | 0.00–3.28 | 1 | (0.83) | 0.00–2.46 | 6 | (1.52) | 0.31–2.72 |
11 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 2 | (1.38) | 0.00–3.28 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 2 | (0.51) | 0.00–1.2 |
40 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 1 | (0.69) | 0.00–2.04 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 1 | (0.25) | 0.00–0.75 |
42 | 1 | (0.76) | 0.00–2.25 | 9 | (6.21) | 2.28–10.13 | 1 | (0.83) | 0.00–2.46 | 11 | (2.78) | 1.16–4.4 |
43 | 2 | (1.53) | 0.00–3.63 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 2 | (1.67) | 0.00–3.96 | 4 | (1.01) | 0.03–1.99 |
44 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 1 | (0.69) | 0.00–2.04 | 1 | (0.83) | 0.00–2.46 | 2 | (0.51) | 0.00–1.2 |
54 | 2 | (1.53) | 0.00–3.63 | 4 | (2.76) | 0.09–5.42 | 3 | (2.50) | 0.00–5.29 | 9 | (2.27) | 0.8–3.74 |
61 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 4 | (2.76) | 0.09–5.42 | 2 | (1.67) | 0.00–3.96 | 6 | (1.52) | 0.31–2.72 |
70 | 2 | (1.53) | 0.00–3.63 | 3 | (2.07) | 0.00–4.39 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 5 | (1.26) | 0.16–2.36 |
Kañari | Shuar | Saraguro | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | n = 131 | % | CI 95% | n = 145 | % | CI 95% | n = 120 | % | CI 95% | n = 396 | % | CI 95% |
Any type HPV | 25 | (19.08) | 12.35–25.81 | 58 | (40.00) | 32.03–47.97 | 29 | (24.17) | 16.51–31.83 | 112 | (28.28) | 23.85–32.72 |
HR HPV | 19 | (14.50) | 8.47–20.53 | 47 | (32.41) | 24.8–40.03 | 27 | (22.50) | 15.03–29.97 | 93 | (23.48) | 19.31–27.66 |
LR HPV | 9 | (6.87) | 2.54–11.2 | 24 | (16.55) | 10.5–22.6 | 8 | (6.67) | 2.2–11.13 | 41 | (10.35) | 7.35–13.35 |
2 or more types of HPV | 9 | (6.87) | 2.54–11.2 | 18 | (12.41) | 7.05–17.87 | 10 | (8.33) | 3.39–13.28 | 37 | (9.34) | 6.48–12.21 |
HR HPV | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lesion | n = 93 | % | OR | CI 95% | |
ASC-US | 16 | 17.20 | 4.29 | 2.01 | 9.17 |
AGC-NOS | 1 | 1.08 | 1.64 | 0.15 | 18.25 |
LSIL | 10 | 10.75 | 5.96 | 2.11 | 16.89 |
HSIL | 5 | 5.38 | 17.16 | 1.98 | 148.81 |
Any Intraepithelial lesion | 30 | 32.26 | 5.80 | 3.16 | 10.65 |
Inflammation | 90 | 96.77 | 4.69 | 1.42 | 15.53 |
Pathogens STI | ≤19 Years | 20–39 Years | 40 Years and Over | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 33 | (%) | CI 95% | n = 293 | (%) | CI 95% | n = 70 | (%) | CI 95% | n = 396 | (%) | CI 95% | |
C trachomatis | 4 | (12.12) | 0.99–23.26 | 19 | (6.48) | 3.66–9.3 | 1 | (1.43) | 0.00–4.21 | 24 | (6.06) | 3.71–8.41 |
N gonorrhoeae | 1 | (3.03) | 0.00–8.88 | 0 | (0.00) | - | 1 | (1.43) | 0.00–4.21 | 2 | (0.51) | 0.00–1.2 |
T vaginalis | 0 | (0.00) | - | 13 | (4.44) | 2.08–6.79 | 2 | (2.86) | 0.00–6.76 | 15 | (3.79) | 1.91–5.67 |
M hominis | 17 | (51.52) | 34.46–68.57 | 83 | (28.33) | 23.17–33.49 | 13 | (18.57) | 9.46–27.68 | 113 | (28.54) | 24.09–32.98 |
M genitalium | 0 | (0.00) | - | 4 | (1.37) | 0.04–2.69 | 1 | (1.43) | 0.00–4.21 | 5 | (1.26) | 0.16–2.36 |
U urealyticum | 6 | (18.18) | 5.02–31.34 | 66 | (22.53) | 17.74–27.31 | 14 | (20.00) | 10.63–29.37 | 86 | (21.72) | 17.66–25.78 |
U parvum | 26 | (78.79) | 64.84–92.74 | 170 | (58.02) | 52.37–63.67 | 32 | (45.71) | 34.04–57.38 | 228 | (57.58) | 52.71–62.44 |
STI | 31 | (93.94) | 85.8–100.00 | 238 | (81.23) | 76.76–85.7 | 45 | (64.29) | 53.06–75.51 | 314 | (79.29) | 75.3–83.28 |
HPV | 15 | (45.45) | 28.47–62.44 | 85 | (29.01) | 23.81–34.21 | 12 | (17.14) | 8.31–25.97 | 112 | (28.28) | 23.85–32.72 |
HR HPV | 13 | (39.39) | 22.72–56.07 | 70 | (23.89) | 19.01–28.77 | 10 | (14.29) | 6.09–22.48 | 93 | (23.48) | 19.31–27.66 |
LR HPV | 5 | (15.15) | 2.92–27.38 | 32 | (10.92) | 7.35–14.49 | 4 | (5.71) | 0.28–11.15 | 41 | (10.35) | 7.35–13.35 |
Variables | With HPV | Without HPV | OR | CI 95% | With HR HPV | Without HR HPV | OR | CI 95% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 112 | (%) | n = 284 | (%) | n = 93 | (%) | n = 303 | (%) | |||||
Age ≤ 19 years | 15 | (13.39) | 18 | (6.34) | 2.29 | 1.11–4.71 | 13 | 14.00 | 20 | 6.60 | 2.30 | 1.09–4.82 |
Low socio-economic stratum | 52 | 46.43 | 129 | 45.42 | 1.04 | 0.67–1.61 | 41 | 44.10 | 140 | 46.20 | 0.91 | 0.57–1.46 |
Single civil status | 26 | (23.21) | 45 | (15.85) | 1.61 | 0.93–2.76 | 24 | 25.80 | 47 | 15.50 | 1.89 | 1.08–3.13 |
First sexual relation ≤ 19 years | 99 | (88.39) | 247 | (86.97) | 1.14 | 0.58–2.24 | 85 | 91.40 | 261 | 86.10 | 1.70 | 0.77–3.78 |
≥1 abortion | 37 | (33.04) | 65 | (22.89) | 1.66 | 1.03–2.69 | 29 | 31.20 | 73 | 24.10 | 1.42 | 0.85–2.38 |
>3 sexual partners | 20 | (17.86) | 28 | (9.86) | 2.03 | 1.09–3.78 | 17 | 18.50 | 31 | 10.30 | 1.98 | 1.04–3.77 |
Oral contraceptives | 26 | (23.21) | 66 | (23.24) | 1.00 | 0.59–1.68 | 22 | 23.70 | 70 | 23.10 | 1.03 | 0.59–1.78 |
Previous family history of CC | 14 | (12.50) | 16 | (5.63) | 2.39 | 1.13–5.08 | 10 | 10.80 | 20 | 6.60 | 1.70 | 0.76–3.78 |
Chlamydia trachomatis | 14 | (12.50) | 10 | (3.52) | 3.91 | 1.68–9.1 | 11 | 11.80 | 13 | 4.30 | 2.99 | 1.29–6.92 |
Mycoplasma hominis | 43 | (38.39) | 70 | (24.65) | 1.91 | 1.19–3.04 | 36 | 38.70 | 77 | 25.40 | 1.85 | 1.13–3.02 |
Mycoplasma genitalium | 2 | (1.79) | 3 | (1.06) | 1.70 | 0.28–10.33 | 2 | 2.20 | 3 | 1.00 | 2.19 | 0.36–13.35 |
Ureaplasma urealyticum | 29 | (25.89) | 57 | (20.07) | 1.39 | 0.83–2.32 | 24 | 25.80 | 62 | 20.50 | 1.35 | 0.78–2.32 |
Ureaplasma parvum | 74 | (66.07) | 154 | (54.23) | 1.64 | 1.04–2.59 | 60 | 64.50 | 168 | 55.40 | 1.46 | 0.90–2.36 |
Inflammation | 109 | (97.32) | 262 | (92.25) | 3.05 | 0.89–10.4 | 90 | 96.80 | 281 | 92.70 | 2.34 | 0.69–8.03 |
Variables | B | S.E | Wald | Df | p | OR | CI 95% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age ≤ 19 years | 0.740 | 0.390 | 3.604 | 1 | 0.058 | 2.09 | 0.98–4.49 |
>3 sexual partners | 0.688 | 0.337 | 4.177 | 1 | 0.041 | 1.99 | 1.03–3.85 |
Chlamydia trachomatis | 0.934 | 0.437 | 4.568 | 1 | 0.033 | 2.54 | 1.08–5.99 |
Mycoplasma hominis | 0.482 | 0.260 | 3.445 | 1 | 0.063 | 1.62 | 0.97–2.69 |
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Ortiz Segarra, J.; Vega Crespo, B.; Campoverde Cisneros, A.; Salazar Torres, K.; Delgado López, D.; Ortiz, S. Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Associated Factors in Indigenous Women in Ecuador: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2023, 15, 267-278. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr15030027
Ortiz Segarra J, Vega Crespo B, Campoverde Cisneros A, Salazar Torres K, Delgado López D, Ortiz S. Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Associated Factors in Indigenous Women in Ecuador: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study. Infectious Disease Reports. 2023; 15(3):267-278. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr15030027
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtiz Segarra, José, Bernardo Vega Crespo, Alfredo Campoverde Cisneros, Katherine Salazar Torres, Dayanara Delgado López, and Stalin Ortiz. 2023. "Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Associated Factors in Indigenous Women in Ecuador: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study" Infectious Disease Reports 15, no. 3: 267-278. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr15030027
APA StyleOrtiz Segarra, J., Vega Crespo, B., Campoverde Cisneros, A., Salazar Torres, K., Delgado López, D., & Ortiz, S. (2023). Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Associated Factors in Indigenous Women in Ecuador: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study. Infectious Disease Reports, 15(3), 267-278. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr15030027