Epidemiological Features of Leptospirosis and Identification of Leptospira wolffii as a Persistently Prevailing Species in North–Central Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Duration of Fever | Number of Samples | Number of Positive Sample (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
IgM LAT | IgM ELISA | Nested PCR | ||
5–10 days | 81 | 29 (35.8%) | 31 (38.3%) | 44 (54.3%) * |
11–15 days | 67 | 36 (53.7%) | 34 (50.8%) | 32 (47.8%) |
16–20 days | 30 | 04 (13.3%) | 04 (13.3%) | 02 (6.7%) |
>20 days | 8 | 02 (25%) | 0 | 0 |
Total | 186 | 71 (38.2%) | 69 (37.1%) | 78 (41.9%) |
Sociodemographic Variables | Number of Cases (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 186) | Leptospirosis (n = 88) | Non-Leptospirosis (n = 98) | |
Gender | |||
male/female | 115 (61.8%)/ 71 (38.2%) | 60 (68.2%)/ 28 (31.2%) | 55 (56.1%)/ 43 (43.9%) |
Age range | |||
0–15 | 3 (1.6%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (2.0%) |
16–30 | 65 (34.9%) | 34 (38.6%) | 31 (31.6%) |
31–45 | 54 (29.0%) | 28 (31.8%) | 26 (26.5%) |
46–60 | 45 (24.2%) | 15 (17.0%) * | 30 (30.6%) |
>61 | 19 (10.2%) | 10 (11.4%) | 9 (9.2%) |
Locality | |||
Rural | 130 (69.9%) | 71 (80.7%) * | 59 (60.2%) |
Urban | 56 (30.1%) | 17 (19.3%) | 39 (39.8%) |
Educational level | |||
No education | 36 (19.4%) | 15 (17.0%) | 21 (21.4%) |
Primary education | 70 (37.5%) | 36 (40.9%) | 34 (34.7%) |
Secondary education | 52 (28.0%) | 25 (28.4%) | 27 (27.6%) |
Higher education | 28 (15.1%) | 12 (13.6%) | 16 (16.3%) |
Occupation | |||
Farmers | 84 (45.2%) | 36 (40.9%) | 48 (49.0%) |
Home-maker | 28 (15.1%) | 15 (17.0%) | 13 (13.3%) |
Day laborer | 26 (14.0%) | 18 (20.5%) * | 8 (8.2%) |
Student | 19 (10.2%) | 8 (9.1%) | 11 (11.2%) |
Others | 29 (15.6%) | 11 (12.5%) | 18 (18.4%) |
Seasonal variation | |||
November–December | 25 (13.4%) | 13 (14.8%) | 12 (12.2%) |
January–February | 22 (11.8%) | 11 (12.5%) | 11 (11.2%) |
March–April | 50 (26.9%) | 25 (28.4%) | 25 (25.5%) |
May–June | 89 (47.8%) | 39 (44.3%) | 50 (51.0%) |
Clinical Characteristics | Number of Cases (%) | |
---|---|---|
Leptospirosis (n = 88) | Non-Leptospirosis (n = 98) | |
Symptoms | ||
Fever | 88 (100%) | 98 (100%) |
Myalgia | 74 (84.1%) | 70 (71.4%) |
Jaundice | 62 (70.5%) * | 55 (56.1%) |
Headache | 55 (62.5%) * | 40 (40.8%) |
Anorexia | 50 (56.8%) | 42 (42.9%) |
Abdominal pain | 34 (38.6%) | 30 (30.6%) |
Cough | 30 (34.1%) | 24 (24.5%) |
Oliguria | 28 (31.8%) * | 17 (17.3%) |
Hepato-splenomegaly | 18 (20.5%) | 14 (14.3%) |
Conjunctival suffusion | 14 (15.9%) | 8 (8.2%) |
Skin rash | 11 (12.5%) | 8 (8.2%) |
Sign of meningitis | 4 (4.5%) | 2 (2.0%) |
Laboratory findings | ||
Raised serum bilirubin (>1 mg/dL) | 62 (70.5%) * | 50 (51.0%) |
Raised serum creatinine (>1.2 mg/dL) | 30 (34.1%) * | 12 (12.2%) |
Thrombocytopenia (< 150,000/mL) | 22 (25.0%) | 15 (15.3%) |
Raised ALT (>40 IU/L) | 45 (51.1%) | 38 (38.8%) |
Raised AST (>38 IU/L) | 38 (43.2%) | 32 (32.7%) |
Leukocytosis (>11,000/mm3) | 35 (39.8%) | 30 (30.6%) |
Proteinuria (>150 mg/day) | 22 (25.0%) | 15 (15.3%) |
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Sultana, M.; Paul, S.K.; Nasreen, S.A.; Haque, N.; Hasan, M.K.; Islam, A.; Nila, S.S.; Jahan, A.; Sathi, F.A.; Hossain, T.; et al. Epidemiological Features of Leptospirosis and Identification of Leptospira wolffii as a Persistently Prevailing Species in North–Central Bangladesh. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2024, 16, 638-649. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr16040049
Sultana M, Paul SK, Nasreen SA, Haque N, Hasan MK, Islam A, Nila SS, Jahan A, Sathi FA, Hossain T, et al. Epidemiological Features of Leptospirosis and Identification of Leptospira wolffii as a Persistently Prevailing Species in North–Central Bangladesh. Infectious Disease Reports. 2024; 16(4):638-649. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr16040049
Chicago/Turabian StyleSultana, Monira, Shyamal Kumar Paul, Syeda Anjuman Nasreen, Nazia Haque, Md. Kamrul Hasan, Arup Islam, Sultana Shabnam Nila, Afsana Jahan, Fardousi Akter Sathi, Tasmia Hossain, and et al. 2024. "Epidemiological Features of Leptospirosis and Identification of Leptospira wolffii as a Persistently Prevailing Species in North–Central Bangladesh" Infectious Disease Reports 16, no. 4: 638-649. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr16040049
APA StyleSultana, M., Paul, S. K., Nasreen, S. A., Haque, N., Hasan, M. K., Islam, A., Nila, S. S., Jahan, A., Sathi, F. A., Hossain, T., Ferdaus, S. J., Aung, M. S., & Kobayashi, N. (2024). Epidemiological Features of Leptospirosis and Identification of Leptospira wolffii as a Persistently Prevailing Species in North–Central Bangladesh. Infectious Disease Reports, 16(4), 638-649. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr16040049