Dietary Administration Effects of Microbial Exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis P1 on Growth Performance and Immunity in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Screening and Isolation of EPS-Producing Bacteria from Freshwater Scaled Fish Intestine
2.2. Exopolysaccharide Production, Purification, and Quantification
2.3. EPS Characterization of the Purified EPS
2.3.1. Molecular Mass Determination
2.3.2. Functional Groups Determination
2.3.3. Monosaccharide and Oligosaccharide Determination
2.3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
2.4. Optimization Condition of EPS Production from the Selected Strain
2.5. Bacterial Identification
2.6. In Vitro Biological Activity
2.6.1. Prebiotic Properties
2.6.2. EPS Antioxidant Studies
2.6.3. Antibacterial Activity Studies
2.6.4. Cytotoxicity of EPS by Hemolytic Test
2.7. Experimental Animal
2.7.1. Acclimatization of Oreochromis niloticus Linn.
2.7.2. Experimental Fish Diet Formulation
2.7.3. Experimental Design and Sample Collection
2.8. Growth Performance Parameters
2.9. Measurement of Immune Response Parameters
2.9.1. Lysozyme Activity
2.9.2. Respiratory Burst Activity
2.9.3. Total Immunoglobulin
2.10. Measurement of Serum Biochemical Parameters
2.11. Challenge Test
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Screening and Isolation of EPS-Producing Bacteria
3.2. Characterization of the Purified EPS
3.2.1. Molecular Mass
3.2.2. Functional Groups of EPS and Its Monosaccharide Compositions
3.3. Optimization Conditions for EPS Production
3.4. Bacterial Identification
3.5. In Vitro Biological Activity
3.5.1. Prebiotic Properties of the Produced EPS
3.5.2. Anti-Oxidant Activity
3.5.3. Anti-Bacterial Activity
3.5.4. Cytotoxicity Test
3.6. In Vivo Study of the Effect of EPS Supplementation in Fish Diet on Growth Performance and Immune Response
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacterial Strain | Mw (Da) | Mn (Da) | PDI | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lb. plantarum C7 | 3.37 × 104 | 0.85 × 104 | 3.96 | Ziadi et al. [31] |
Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus | 104 to 106 | n.r. | n.r | Jurášková et al. [50] |
Lactobacillus sp. B3-1 | 8.31 × 105 | 3.38 × 105 | 2.46 | This study |
B. amyloliquefaciens GSBa-1 | 5.40 × 104 | n.r. | 1.78 | Zhao et al. [19] |
B. velezensis KY471306 | 1.29 × 105 | 1.14 × 105 | 1.13 | Moghannem et al. [21] |
B. subtilis | 0.57 to 1.28 × 105 | n.r. | n.r | Marvasi et al. [45] |
Bacillus sp. P1 | 9.81 × 105 | 6.04 × 105 | 1.62 | This study |
Source | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 6.268 × 105 | 69,645.11 | 20.23 | 0.0003 |
A:sucrose | 33,303.93 | 33,303.93 | 9.67 | 0.0171 |
B:yeast extract | 33,697.38 | 33,697.38 | 9.79 | 0.0166 |
C:(NH4)2SO4 | 55,461.15 | 55,461.15 | 16.11 | 0.0051 |
AB | 8689.97 | 8689.97 | 2.52 | 0.1561 |
AC | 3863.24 | 3863.24 | 1.12 | 0.3246 |
BC | 9259.25 | 9259.25 | 2.69 | 0.1450 |
A2 | 59,541.62 | 59,541.62 | 17.30 | 0.0042 |
B2 | 51,357.16 | 51,357.16 | 14.92 | 0.0062 |
C2 | 3.325 × 105 | 3.325 × 105 | 96.59 | <0.0001 |
Lack of Fit | 22,795.51 | 7598.50 | 23.36 | 0.0054 |
Pure Error | 1301.35 | 325.34 | - | - |
R2 | 0.9630 | - | - | |
Adjusted R2 | 0.9154 | - | - | - |
Duration (Week) | Experiment | Growth Performance Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight Gain | Specific Growth Rate (%) | Average Daily Gain | Feed Conversion Rate (g/g) | ||||
av. per Tank (g) | av. per Fish (g) | av. per Tank (g/day) | av. per Fish (g/day) | ||||
2 | Control | 527.55 ± 13.35 a | 21.10 | 4.83 ± 0.08 a | 37.68 ± 0.95 a | 1.51 | 1.30 ± 0.06 a |
Treatment | 529.40 ± 19.83 a | 21.18 | 4.98 ± 0.14 a | 37.81 ± 1.42 a | 1.51 | 1.36 ± 0.05 a | |
4 | Control | 990.28 ± 25.91 b | 39.61 | 3.69 ± 0.03 b | 35.37 ± 0.93 b | 1.41 | 0.66 ± 0.03 b |
Treatment | 1047.00 ± 11.80 c | 41.88 | 3.92 ± 0.07 c | 37.40 ± 0.42 c | 1.50 | 0.71 ± 0.02 b | |
6 | Control | 1403.86 ± 34.17 d | 56.15 | 3.03 ± 0.03 d | 33.43 ± 0.81 d | 1.34 | 0.42 ± 0.04 d |
Treatment | 1464.57 ± 29.22 d | 58.58 | 3.17 ± 0.09 d | 34.87 ± 0.70 d | 1.40 | 0.43 ± 0.00 d |
Parameters | Control | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Lysozyme activity (U/min) | 3.37 ± 0.13 | 6.88 ± 0.16 * |
Respiratory burst activity a (OD630) | 0.10 | 0.44 |
Total immunoglobulin (mg/dL) | 3 ± 0 | 3 ± 0 |
Relative level of protection (%RLP) after 2 weeks challenge test | 0 | 50 |
Analysis | Parameters | Control | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|
Blood chemistry | Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 3 ± 1 | 3 ± 0 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 98.33 ± 15.89 a | 118.67 ± 11.59 ab | |
ALT (U/L) | 12.67 ± 7.77 | 15.33 ± 3.51 | |
AST (U/L) | 68.33 ± 32.59 | 58.67 ± 30.29 | |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | |
Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.26 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.33 ± 5.03 | 190.67 ± 16.29 | |
Total protein (g/dL) | 4.30 ± 0.26 | 4.43 ± 0.06 | |
Albumin (mg/dL) | 1.47 ± 0.06 | 1.43 ± 0.06 | |
Proximate chemical compositions (AOAC 2000 *) | Crude protein ** | 17.80 ± 0.04 | 19.02 ± 0.10 |
Crude fat | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | |
Moisture content | 71.91 ± 0.50 | 69.86 ± 0.20 | |
Ash | 1.85 ± 0.01 | 2.30 ± 0.02 | |
Carbohydrate | 8.11 ± 0.02 | 7.99 ± 0.06 |
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Bunkaew, K.; Yenraksa, A.; Pewhom, A.; Kiriratnikom, S.; Sewaka, M.; Lertworapreecha, M.; Chanasit, W. Dietary Administration Effects of Microbial Exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis P1 on Growth Performance and Immunity in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Microbiol. Res. 2024, 15, 2210-2231. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15040148
Bunkaew K, Yenraksa A, Pewhom A, Kiriratnikom S, Sewaka M, Lertworapreecha M, Chanasit W. Dietary Administration Effects of Microbial Exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis P1 on Growth Performance and Immunity in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Microbiology Research. 2024; 15(4):2210-2231. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15040148
Chicago/Turabian StyleBunkaew, Kannika, Auraiwan Yenraksa, Akkanee Pewhom, Suphada Kiriratnikom, Mariya Sewaka, Monthon Lertworapreecha, and Wankuson Chanasit. 2024. "Dietary Administration Effects of Microbial Exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis P1 on Growth Performance and Immunity in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)" Microbiology Research 15, no. 4: 2210-2231. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15040148