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Volume 16
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from a Watershed Section of Ameca River in Mexico

by
Mariana Díaz-Zaragoza
1,†,
Sergio Yair Rodriguez-Preciado
1,†,
Lizeth Hernández-Ventura
1,
Alejandro Ortiz-Covarrubias
1,
Gustavo Castellanos-García
1,
Sonia Sifuentes-Franco
1,
Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
2,
José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
2,
Margarita Montoya-Buelna
3 and
Jose Macias-Barragan
1,*
1
Laboratorio de Sistemas Biológicos, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca Km. 45.5, C.P., Ameca 46600, Jalisco, Mexico
2
Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
3
Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(8), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16080186
Submission received: 30 May 2025 / Revised: 20 July 2025 / Accepted: 29 July 2025 / Published: 12 August 2025
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Abstract

Antibiotic resistance (AR) in environmental Escherichia coli represents a growing public health challenge. This study evaluated the prevalence of AR among E. coli isolates recovered from surface water bodies within the Ameca River basin in Jalisco, Mexico, and examined associations with anthropogenic influence and seasonal variation. Over a 1-year period, water samples were collected monthly from 16 sites, including tributaries, wetlands, and main river channels with differing degrees of urban impact. E. coli isolates were confirmed by malB gene PCR and tested for susceptibility to six antibiotics using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. High resistance frequencies were observed for ampicillin (93.9%), tetracycline (92.4%), and streptomycin (89.6%), while gentamicin exhibited the lowest resistance rate (48.1%). Resistance prevalence was significantly higher at sites adjacent to urban settlements and during the rainy season (p < 0.05). These findings underscore the influence of land use and seasonal dynamics on AR dissemination in aquatic environments and highlight the need for improved wastewater management strategies to mitigate the spread of resistant bacteria.
Keywords: Escherichia coli; antibiotic resistance; wastewater; Ameca River; total suspended solids Escherichia coli; antibiotic resistance; wastewater; Ameca River; total suspended solids
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MDPI and ACS Style

Díaz-Zaragoza, M.; Rodriguez-Preciado, S.Y.; Hernández-Ventura, L.; Ortiz-Covarrubias, A.; Castellanos-García, G.; Sifuentes-Franco, S.; Pereira-Suárez, A.L.; Muñoz-Valle, J.F.; Montoya-Buelna, M.; Macias-Barragan, J. Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from a Watershed Section of Ameca River in Mexico. Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16080186

AMA Style

Díaz-Zaragoza M, Rodriguez-Preciado SY, Hernández-Ventura L, Ortiz-Covarrubias A, Castellanos-García G, Sifuentes-Franco S, Pereira-Suárez AL, Muñoz-Valle JF, Montoya-Buelna M, Macias-Barragan J. Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from a Watershed Section of Ameca River in Mexico. Microbiology Research. 2025; 16(8):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16080186

Chicago/Turabian Style

Díaz-Zaragoza, Mariana, Sergio Yair Rodriguez-Preciado, Lizeth Hernández-Ventura, Alejandro Ortiz-Covarrubias, Gustavo Castellanos-García, Sonia Sifuentes-Franco, Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez, José Francisco Muñoz-Valle, Margarita Montoya-Buelna, and Jose Macias-Barragan. 2025. "Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from a Watershed Section of Ameca River in Mexico" Microbiology Research 16, no. 8: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16080186

APA Style

Díaz-Zaragoza, M., Rodriguez-Preciado, S. Y., Hernández-Ventura, L., Ortiz-Covarrubias, A., Castellanos-García, G., Sifuentes-Franco, S., Pereira-Suárez, A. L., Muñoz-Valle, J. F., Montoya-Buelna, M., & Macias-Barragan, J. (2025). Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from a Watershed Section of Ameca River in Mexico. Microbiology Research, 16(8), 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16080186

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