Depression, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Institutionalised and Non-Institutionalised Older Adults in Portugal: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.1.1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.1.2. Participant Selection Process
2.1.3. Ethical Considerations
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Questionnaire—From the Elderly Nursing Core Set (ENCS)
2.2.2. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
2.2.3. WHOQOL-BREF
2.2.4. Loneliness Scale—UCLA
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Public Involvement Statement
Guidelines and Standards Statement
Use of Artificial Intelligence
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Overall (n = 525) | Non-Institutionalised (n = 67) | Institutionalised (n = 458) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | ||||
Male | 161 (30.7) | 12 (17.9) | 149 (32.5) | |
Female | 364 (69.3) | 55 (82.1) | 309 (67.5) | 0.015 |
Age (years), n (%) | ||||
60–79 | 97 (18.5) | 25 (31.3) | 72 (15.7) | |
≥80 | 428 (81.5) | 42 (62.7) | 389 (84.3) | <0.001 |
Marital status, n (%) | ||||
Married/cohabiting | 91 (17.3) | 14 (20.9) | 77 (16.8) | |
Single/widowed/divorced/separated | 434 (82.7) | 53 (79.1) | 381 (83.2) | 0.410 |
Educational level, n (%) | ||||
Did not attend school | 173 (33.0) | 28 (41.8) | 145 (31.7) | |
Attended school | 352 (67.0) | 39 (58.2) | 313 (68.3) | 0.099 |
Multimorbidity ¥, n (%) | ||||
No | 25 (4.8) | 5 (7.5) | 20 (4.4) | |
Yes | 500 (95.3) | 62 (92.5) | 438 (95.6) | 0.266 |
Quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) *, mean (SD) | ||||
Physical | 52.8 (10.9) | 52.9 (9.6) | 52.8 (11.1) | 0.913 |
Psychological | 55.0 (13.1) | 57.8 (13.5) | 54.6 (13.0) | 0.062 |
Social Relationships | 60.8 (13.6) | 63.4 (12.7) | 60.4 (13.7) | 0.102 |
Environment | 63.6 (13.3) | 64.6 (11.3) | 63.4 (13.6) | 0.503 |
Overall | 53.4 (18.7) | 57.8 (16.0) | 52.5 (19.1) | 0.061 |
Feelings of loneliness (UCLA-16) ¶, n (%) | ||||
No | 317 (65.8) | 47 (77.1) | 270 (64.1) | |
Yes | 165 (34.2) | 14 (22.9) | 151 (35.9) | 0.047 |
Non-Institutionalised | Institutionalised | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1 | Crude OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1 | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.02 (0.24–4.33) | 0.20 (0.01–3.69) | 1.19 (0.80–1.77) | 1.21 (0.61–2.39) |
Age (years) | ||||
60–79 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
≥80 | 0.58 (0.19–1.77) | 0.07 (0.01–1.12) | 1.32 (0.79–2.20) | 2.35 (0.94–5.83) |
Marital status | ||||
Married/cohabiting | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Single/widowed/divorced/separated | 0.53 (0.15–1.87) | - | 1.02 (0.62–1.67) | - |
Educational level | ||||
Did not attend school | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Attended school | 1.03 (0.34–3.16) | - | 1.11 (0.75–1.65) | - |
Multimorbidity ¥ | ||||
No | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Yes | 1.39 (0.14–13.39) | - | 0.64 (0.26–1.59) | - |
Quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) * | ||||
Physical | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | 0.92 (0.90–0.94) | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) |
Psychological | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) |
Social Relationships | 0.97 (0.92–1.01) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 0.99 (0.97–1.03) |
Environment | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) |
Overall | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) |
Feelings of loneliness (UCLA-16) ¶ | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 10.29 (2.64–39.93) | 78.10 (2.90–2106.08) | 5.93 (3.83–9.19) | 3.53 (1.72–6.91) |
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Silva, C.; Ferreira, R.; Morgado, B.; Alves, E.; Fonseca, C. Depression, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Institutionalised and Non-Institutionalised Older Adults in Portugal: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14, 2340-2354. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030174
Silva C, Ferreira R, Morgado B, Alves E, Fonseca C. Depression, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Institutionalised and Non-Institutionalised Older Adults in Portugal: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nursing Reports. 2024; 14(3):2340-2354. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030174
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Celso, Rogério Ferreira, Bruno Morgado, Elisabete Alves, and César Fonseca. 2024. "Depression, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Institutionalised and Non-Institutionalised Older Adults in Portugal: A Cross-Sectional Study" Nursing Reports 14, no. 3: 2340-2354. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030174