Spatial Characteristics, Health Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils from Central China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection and Processing
2.3. Geoaccumulation Index
2.4. Health Risk Assessment
2.5. Statistics Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Overview of Concentrations of Soil Metals in Central China
3.2. Spatial Distribution Patterns of Toxic Metals in Central China
3.3. Geoaccumulation Indexes of Metals
3.4. Human Health Assessment of Children and Adults in Central China
3.5. Correlation Analysis
3.6. Sustainable Management
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Province | City | Cu | Cr | Cd | Zn | Pb | Hg | As | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Henan Province | Kaifeng | 33.91 | 56.15 | 1.19 | 172.90 | 46.15 | 6.31 | [34,35,36] | |
Luoyang | 47.38 | 66.47 | 0.65 | 190.25 | 51.23 | [37,38] | |||
Jiaozuo | 31.57 | 176.15 | 0.39 | 81.43 | 24.32 | 17.25 | [39,40,41] | ||
Zhengzhou | 21.82 | 54.46 | 0.16 | 70.55 | 30.90 | 0.05 | 8.74 | [42,43,44,45,46,47] | |
Xinxiang | 40.28 | 116.83 | 12.46 | 219.93 | 52.63 | 0.32 | [33,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55] | ||
Zhoukou | 26.71 | 56.73 | 0.05 | 67.93 | 29.66 | [56,57] | |||
Shangqiu | 22.42 | 55.26 | 0.18 | 66.93 | 19.51 | [58,59] | |||
Sanmenxia | 45.25 | 118.73 | 0.25 | 81.77 | 21.27 | 0.16 | 7.97 | [38,60] | |
Puyang | 36.20 | 40.60 | 0.13 | 118.00 | 49.20 | [61] | |||
Anyang | 22.74 | 51.96 | 0.11 | 55.10 | 17.27 | 0.08 | [62] | ||
Nanyang | 20.75 | 54.36 | 1.12 | 75.81 | 29.76 | 12.68 | [63,64] | ||
Hubei Province | Enshi | 32.88 | 93.28 | 0.69 | 96.75 | 31.95 | 0.12 | 13.78 | [65,66,67,68,69,70] |
Yichang | 26.31 | 2.39 | 0.26 | 0.47 | 29.16 | [70,71,72] | |||
Wuhan | 28.75 | 59.02 | 1.60 | 87.73 | 34.00 | 0.23 | 12.92 | [70,73,74,75,76,77,78,79] | |
Shiyan | 34.73 | 67.95 | 0.39 | 78.72 | 30.72 | 0.06 | 13.78 | [64,70,80] | |
Tianmen | 27.89 | 67.94 | 0.16 | 69.97 | 23.02 | 0.11 | 6.85 | [70,81,82] | |
Huangshi | 126.72 | 39.11 | 1.32 | 95.67 | 79.12 | 0.17 | 33.72 | [70,83,84,85,86,87,88,89] | |
Xiaogan | 25.85 | 78.75 | 0.25 | 63.65 | 46.21 | [70,90,91] | |||
Ezhou | 7.67 | 62.68 | 0.10 | 70.05 | 29.21 | 0.09 | 10.50 | [70,92] | |
Xiangfan | 24.76 | 60.10 | 0.10 | 66.48 | 27.25 | 0.09 | 9.96 | [70,93] | |
Xiantao | 29.72 | 87.30 | 0.14 | 77.29 | 25.82 | 8.25 | [70,94] | ||
Huanggang | 35.06 | 0.12 | 70.15 | 24.15 | [70] | ||||
Jingmen | 24.28 | 0.11 | 55.67 | 284.00 | [70] | ||||
Jingzhou | 33.55 | 0.14 | 89.29 | 32.99 | [70] | ||||
Qianjiang | 32.06 | 0.11 | 78.33 | 24.98 | [70] | ||||
Shennongjia | 44.36 | 0.11 | 69.66 | 28.63 | [70] | ||||
Suizhou | 24.46 | 0.13 | 63.35 | 30.10 | [70] | ||||
Xianning | 24.87 | 0.11 | 60.01 | 31.98 | [70] | ||||
Hunan Province | Changsha | 57.13 | 56.64 | 6.26 | 249.13 | 91.46 | 0.48 | 42.78 | [31,95,96] |
Zhuzhou | 44.65 | 115.50 | 1.31 | 170.15 | 81.98 | 0.25 | 20.05 | [97,98,99,100] | |
Changde | 31.47 | 26.00 | 0.49 | 102.08 | 29.43 | 0.45 | 68.86 | [101,102,103] | |
Hengyang | 57.63 | 31.56 | 1.59 | 184.62 | 86.43 | 0.42 | 41.50 | [100,104,105] | |
Xiangtan | 37.50 | 77.43 | 25.22 | 863.58 | 68.81 | 0.25 | 61.20 | [103,106] | |
Chenzhou | 36.68 | 4.33 | 634.30 | 467.92 | 74.44 | [100,107,108] | |||
Loudi | 33.26 | 93.03 | 0.59 | 107.24 | 37.82 | 0.18 | 14.96 | [109] |
Parameter | Symbol | Units | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
Soil ingestion rate | IngR | mg/day | 200 a; 100 b |
Soil inhalation rate | InhR | m3/day | 7.6 a; 20 b |
Exposure frequency | EF | day/year | 350 |
Exposure duration | ED | year | 6 a; 24 b |
Body weight | BW | kg | 15.9 a; 56.8 b |
Exposure skin | SA | cm2 | 2448 a; 5075 b |
Adherence factor | AF | mg/m2·day | 0.2 a; 0.07 b |
Dermal absorption factor | ABS | unitless | 0.001 |
Particle emission factor | PEF | m3/kg | 1.36 × 109 |
Average contact time | AT | day | ED × 365 (non-carcinogens) |
74 × 65 (carcinogens) |
Elements | RfD/(mg/kg·d) | SF/(kg·d/mg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ing | inh | dermal | ing | inh | dermal | |
Cu | 4.00 × 10−2 | 4.02 × 10−2 | 1.20 × 10−2 | - | - | - |
Cr | 3.00 × 10−3 | 2.86 × 10−5 | 6.00 × 10−5 | - | 42 | - |
Cd | 1.00 × 10−3 | 1.00 × 10−3 | 1.00 × 10−5 | - | 6.3 | - |
Zn | 3.00 × 10−1 | 3.00 × 10−1 | 6.00 × 10−2 | - | - | - |
Pb | 3.50 × 10−3 | 3.52 × 10−3 | 5.25 × 10−4 | - | - | - |
Hg | 3.00 × 10−4 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 2.40 × 10−5 | - | - | - |
As | 3.00 × 10−4 | 1.23 × 10−4 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 1.5 | 15.1 | 3.66 |
Cu | Cr | Cd | Zn | Pb | Hg | As | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central China | n | 16,565 | 14,506 | 16,974 | 16,376 | 17,108 | 11,784 | 12,089 |
WA | 34.72 | 83.08 | 1.31 | 112.93 | 44.43 | 0.19 | 16.23 | |
SD | 18.63 | 33.79 | 4.52 | 160.10 | 81.40 | 40.28 | 20.42 | |
CV (%) | 1.51 | 1.72 | 6.88 | 3.35 | 3.85 | 18.09 | 3.93 | |
Henan Province | n | 6983 | 6561 | 7094 | 6934 | 7011 | 6603 | 6895 |
WA | 28.30 | 68.59 | 2.07 | 108.16 | 34.29 | 0.07 | 9.29 | |
SD | 10.10 | 33.31 | 7.73 | 275.71 | 135.80 | 61.48 | 21.73 | |
CV (%) | 3.38 | 7.86 | 17.95 | 11.93 | 14.97 | 27.80 | 6.30 | |
Hubei Province | n | 6667 | 5090 | 6842 | 6375 | 6878 | 3790 | 3789 |
WA | 37.09 | 80.69 | 0.80 | 87.82 | 39.91 | 0.12 | 14.00 | |
SD | 24.21 | 24.62 | 0.44 | 21.00 | 60.37 | 0.05 | 7.93 | |
CV (%) | 4.15 | 3.98 | 7.50 | 1.76 | 7.42 | 6.09 | 7.22 | |
Hunan Province | n | 2915 | 2855 | 3038 | 3067 | 3219 | 1391 | 1405 |
WA | 35.13 | 91.25 | 1.47 | 138.14 | 53.53 | 0.26 | 18.87 | |
SD | 9.23 | 38.26 | 3.35 | 54.05 | 12.59 | 0.10 | 3.62 | |
CV (%) | 2.64 | 4.14 | 19.88 | 4.26 | 3.18 | 16.07 | 5.59 | |
BVChina a | 22.6 | 61 | 0.097 | 74.2 | 26 | 0.065 | 11.2 | |
BVHenan b | 20 | 63.2 | 0.065 | 62.5 | 22.3 | 0.025 | 9.8 | |
BVHubei c | 30.7 | 86 | 0.17 | 83.6 | 26.7 | 0.08 | 12.3 | |
BVHunan d | 25 | 68 | 0.07 | 96 | 30 | 0.07 | 13.41 | |
Class I e | 35 | 90 | 0.2 | 100 | 35 | 0.15 | 15 | |
Class II e | 100 | 250 | 0.6 | 300 | 350 | 1.0 | 25 | |
Class III e | 400 | 300 | 1.0 | 500 | 500 | 1.5 | 40 |
Elements | Province | Children | Adults | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HQing | HQinh | HQdermal | HQ | HQing | HQinh | HQdermal | HQ | ||
Cu | Henan | 8.53 × 10−3 | 2.37 × 10−7 | 6.96 × 10−5 | 8.60 × 10−3 | 1.19 × 10−3 | 1.75 × 10−7 | 1.41 × 10−5 | 1.21 × 10−3 |
Hubei | 1.12 × 10−2 | 3.11 × 10−7 | 9.13 × 10−5 | 1.13 × 10−2 | 1.57 × 10−3 | 2.29 × 10−7 | 1.85 × 10−5 | 1.58 × 10−3 | |
Hunan | 1.06 × 10−2 | 2.95 × 10−7 | 8.64 × 10−5 | 1.07 × 10−2 | 1.48 × 10−3 | 2.17 × 10−7 | 1.76 × 10−5 | 1.50 × 10−3 | |
Cr | Henan | 2.76 × 10−1 | 8.08 × 10−4 | 3.38 × 10−2 | 3.10 × 10−1 | 3.86 × 10−2 | 5.95 × 10−4 | 6.86 × 10−3 | 4.61 × 10−2 |
Hubei | 3.24 × 10−1 | 9.51 × 10−4 | 3.97 × 10−2 | 3.65 × 10−1 | 4.54 × 10−2 | 7.00 × 10−4 | 8.07 × 10−3 | 5.42 × 10−2 | |
Hunan | 3.67 × 10−1 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 4.49 × 10−2 | 4.13 × 10−1 | 5.13 × 10−2 | 7.92 × 10−4 | 9.12 × 10−3 | 6.13 × 10−2 | |
Cd | Henan | 2.50 × 10−2 | 6.97 × 10−7 | 6.11 × 10−3 | 3.11 × 10−2 | 3.49 × 10−3 | 5.14 × 10−7 | 1.24 × 10−3 | 4.73 × 10−3 |
Hubei | 9.60 × 10−3 | 2.68 × 10−7 | 2.35 × 10−3 | 1.20 × 10−2 | 1.34 × 10−3 | 1.98 × 10−7 | 4.78 × 10−4 | 1.82 × 10−3 | |
Hunan | 1.78 × 10−2 | 4.97 × 10−7 | 4.35 × 10−3 | 2.21 × 10−2 | 2.49 × 10−3 | 3.66 × 10−7 | 8.84 × 10−4 | 3.37 × 10−3 | |
Zn | Henan | 4.35 × 10−3 | 1.22 × 10−7 | 5.32 × 10−5 | 4.40 × 10−3 | 6.09 × 10−4 | 8.95 × 10−8 | 1.08 × 10−5 | 6.20 × 10−4 |
Hubei | 3.53 × 10−3 | 9.87 × 10−8 | 4.32 × 10−5 | 3.57 × 10−3 | 4.94 × 10−4 | 7.27 × 10−8 | 8.78 × 10−6 | 5.03 × 10−4 | |
Hunan | 5.55 × 10−3 | 1.55 × 10−7 | 6.80 × 10−5 | 5.62 × 10−3 | 7.77 × 10−4 | 1.14 × 10−7 | 1.38 × 10−5 | 7.91 × 10−4 | |
Pb | Henan | 1.18 × 10−1 | 3.28 × 10−6 | 1.93 × 10−3 | 1.20 × 10−1 | 1.65 × 10−2 | 2.42 × 10−6 | 3.92 × 10−4 | 1.69 × 10−2 |
Hubei | 1.38 × 10−1 | 3.82 × 10−6 | 2.24 × 10−3 | 1.40 × 10−1 | 1.92 × 10−2 | 2.81 × 10−6 | 4.56 × 10−4 | 1.97 × 10−2 | |
Hunan | 1.84 × 10−1 | 5.13 × 10−6 | 3.01 × 10−3 | 1.87 × 10−1 | 2.58 × 10−2 | 3.78 × 10−6 | 6.11 × 10−4 | 2.64 × 10−2 | |
Hg | Henan | 2.63 × 10−3 | 7.35 × 10−8 | 8.05 × 10−5 | 2.71 × 10−3 | 3.68 × 10−4 | 5.42 × 10−8 | 1.64 × 10−5 | 3.85 × 10−4 |
Hubei | 4.81 × 10−3 | 1.34 × 10−7 | 1.47 × 10−4 | 4.96 × 10−3 | 6.73 × 10−4 | 9.90 × 10−8 | 2.99 × 10−5 | 7.03 × 10−4 | |
Hunan | 1.05 × 10−2 | 2.92 × 10−7 | 3.20 × 10−4 | 1.08 × 10−2 | 1.46 × 10−3 | 2.15 × 10−7 | 6.50 × 10−5 | 1.53 × 10−3 | |
As | Henan | 3.73 × 10−1 | 2.55 × 10−5 | 9.14 × 10−4 | 3.74 × 10−1 | 5.23 × 10−2 | 1.87 × 10−5 | 1.86 × 10−4 | 5.25 × 10−2 |
Hubei | 5.63 × 10−1 | 3.84 × 10−5 | 1.38 × 10−3 | 5.64 × 10−1 | 7.88 × 10−2 | 2.83 × 10−5 | 2.80 × 10−4 | 7.91 × 10−2 | |
Hunan | 7.59 × 10−1 | 5.17 × 10−5 | 1.86 × 10−3 | 7.61 × 10−1 | 1.06 × 10−1 | 3.81 × 10−5 | 3.77 × 10−4 | 1.07 × 10−1 |
Elements | Province | Children | Adults | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRing | CRinh | CRdermal | CR | CRing | CRinh | CRdermal | CR | ||
Cr | Henan | — | 9.71 × 10−8 | — | 9.71 × 10−8 | — | 7.15 × 10−7 | — | 7.15 × 10−7 |
Hubei | — | 1.14 × 10−7 | — | 1.14 × 10−7 | — | 8.41 × 10−7 | — | 8.41 × 10−7 | |
Hunan | — | 1.29 × 10−7 | — | 1.29 × 10−7 | — | 9.51 × 10−7 | — | 9.51 × 10−7 | |
Cd | Henan | — | 4.39 × 10−9 | — | 4.39 × 10−9 | — | 3.24 × 10−9 | — | 3.24 × 10−9 |
Hubei | — | 1.69 × 10−9 | — | 1.69 × 10−9 | — | 1.25 × 10−9 | — | 1.25 × 10−9 | |
Hunan | — | 3.13 × 10−9 | — | 3.13 × 10−9 | — | 2.30 × 10−9 | — | 2.30 × 10−9 | |
As | Henan | 1.68 × 10−4 | 4.73 × 10−8 | 1.00 × 10−6 | 1.69 × 10−4 | 2.35 × 10−5 | 3.48 × 10−8 | 2.04 × 10−7 | 2.38 × 10−5 |
Hubei | 2.53 × 10−4 | 7.13 × 10−8 | 1.51 × 10−6 | 2.55 × 10−4 | 3.55 × 10−5 | 5.25 × 10−8 | 3.07 × 10−7 | 3.58 × 10−5 | |
Hunan | 3.41 × 10−4 | 9.60 × 10−8 | 2.04 × 10−6 | 3.44 × 10−4 | 4.78 × 10−5 | 7.07 × 10−8 | 4.14 × 10−7 | 4.83 × 10−5 |
Cu | Cr | Cd | Zn | Pb | Hg | As | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | 1 | ||||||
Cr | −0.073 | 1 | |||||
Cd | 0.130 | 0.124 | 1 | ||||
Zn | 0.146 | 0.102 | 0.840 ** | 1 | |||
Pb | 0.112 | −0.091 | 0.153 | 0.515 ** | 1 | ||
Hg | −0.064 | 0.121 | −0.088 | −0.059 | −0.062 | 1 | |
As | 0.227 | −0.324 | 0.535 * | 0.716 ** | 0.639 ** | −0.119 | 1 |
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Li, F.; Cai, Y.; Zhang, J. Spatial Characteristics, Health Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils from Central China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010091
Li F, Cai Y, Zhang J. Spatial Characteristics, Health Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils from Central China. Sustainability. 2018; 10(1):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010091
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Fei, Ying Cai, and Jingdong Zhang. 2018. "Spatial Characteristics, Health Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils from Central China" Sustainability 10, no. 1: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010091