Sustainability

11 pages, 489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From General to Company-Specific Ecodesign Strategies: Developing Guidelines for Eco-Efficient Product Design Across the Entire Product Portfolio of an Appliance Company

by Enrica Monticelli and Carlo Vezzoli

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4488; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104488 (registering DOI) - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Increasing consumer awareness on significant environmental challenges, in addition to forthcoming regulations, is driving domestic appliance manufacturers to adopt an Ecodesign approach to more effectively and significantly reduce the environmental impacts along all of the life cycle phases of their products, minimising energy [...] Read more.

Increasing consumer awareness on significant environmental challenges, in addition to forthcoming regulations, is driving domestic appliance manufacturers to adopt an Ecodesign approach to more effectively and significantly reduce the environmental impacts along all of the life cycle phases of their products, minimising energy and material consumption, optimising the life of the product, facilitating recycling, facilitating disassembly, optimising material conservation/renewability, and minimising toxicity. This paper emphasises and discusses the significance of supporting this process by creating a company-specific handbook of guidelines and checklists to design low-environmental-impact products across an entire company’s appliance range. Checklists are design support tools intended to qualitatively assess whether, and to what extent, an Ecodesign guideline has been applied, enabling the evaluation of existing products or newly developed concepts, while also serving to guide and inspire sustainable design decisions. It is argued that these are effective tools in translating eco-efficient design into practice and guiding the whole of product development organisation through a knowledge-based approach. The Handbook of Guidelines to Design Low Environmental Impact Products is the result of a project commissioned by a home appliance company to the LeNSlab (research group on Design and System Innovation for Sustainability) of the Design Department of Politecnico di Milano, elaborated, after preliminary desk research, through a series of activities, interactions, knowledge exchanges, and operative workshops in cooperation with the company team of experts. The handbook contains 7 Ecodesign strategies, 27 sub-strategies, 157 guidelines, and related checklists, to be specific to such a level that they can effectively be applied to all types of company appliances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Products and Services)

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26 pages, 2873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Education in the Context of the Accelerated Digital Transformation of Higher Education

by Irina Shestakova, Vladimir Morgunov, Elena Novikova and Daria Bylieva

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4487; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104487 (registering DOI) - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Over the past few years, the higher education system has undergone radical transformations. The aim of this paper is to analyze a retrospective reflection on the experience of forced digitalization in the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. One of the promising methods of assessing [...] Read more.

Over the past few years, the higher education system has undergone radical transformations. The aim of this paper is to analyze a retrospective reflection on the experience of forced digitalization in the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. One of the promising methods of assessing changes and their impacts is to conduct longitudinal sociological research. The methodology of this study consists of several modules: 1. a literature review; 2. the formation of a summary; 3. a sociological survey in the pandemic period; 4. a sociological survey in the post-pandemic period; 5. an analysis of the transformation of attitudes toward distance education; and 6. a comparison of the results obtained with a summary table of the literature review. Engineering students in different courses participated in the survey. A total of 652 respondents took part in the first stage and 194 in the second stage. The interval between the stages was two years. According to the results of the study, the conclusions were made that the positive answers of the respondents are most influenced by their expectations; so, they are much less dependent on the year of study and local peculiarities of the university, which are also confirmed by the new characteristic patterns noted in the paper. At the same time, the shortcomings are to a greater extent based on specific local peculiarities. The paper offers a generalized methodological approach for further study of this topic. Full article

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13 pages, 1746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Potential of White Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) Waste as a Fuel Source in Microbial Fuel Cells Across Different pH Levels

by Rojas-Flores Segundo, Cabanillas-Chirinos Luis, Nélida Milly Otiniano and Magaly De La Cruz-Noriega

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4486; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104486 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

The intensification of agricultural production due to high global demand has led to uncontrolled waste production from this industry, creating an environmental imbalance due to inadequate waste management. In developing regions, the lack of access to electricity has become a critical problem, affecting [...] Read more.

The intensification of agricultural production due to high global demand has led to uncontrolled waste production from this industry, creating an environmental imbalance due to inadequate waste management. In developing regions, the lack of access to electricity has become a critical problem, affecting people’s health, education, and economy. To address this issue, alternative and sustainable ways of generating electricity have been explored. This research focuses on the potential of using asparagus waste in single-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) at different pH levels (4, 4.7—target, 7, and 9) to achieve optimal performance. It has been demonstrated that using this substrate, the MFC at pH 7 obtained the best results on the seventh day, generating an electric current of 4.859 mA and a maximum voltage of 0.965 V. The substrate showed an oxidation-reduction potential of 312.821 mV, a chemical oxygen demand reduction of 76.47%, and an electrical conductivity of 254.854 mS/cm. Additionally, it managed to generate a power density of 2.149 mW/cm² at a current density of 5.979 mA/cm². MFCs at different pH levels (4, 4.7—target, 7, and 9) demonstrated their potential to generate electrical energy by powering an LED light when connected in series. This research holds promise in promoting sustainable energy solutions for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Innovation for Sustainable Development: Harnessing Waste Beneficiation and Secondary Raw Materials)

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12 pages, 1250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Technical Insights into Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Production Through Water–Energy–Product (WEP) Analysis

by Sofía García-Maza, Segundo Rojas-Flores and Ángel Darío González-Delgado

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4485; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104485 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

The demand for palm oil is expected to increase due to its wide use in the market. Palm oil is extracted from the fruit of the African palm tree, yielding crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO). The production process involves [...] Read more.

The demand for palm oil is expected to increase due to its wide use in the market. Palm oil is extracted from the fruit of the African palm tree, yielding crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO). The production process involves multiple stages, from harvesting to drying; while the problem lies in the scarcity of fresh fruit bunches and the lack of diagnosis of the process. This study proposes to carry out a WEP (Water–Energy–Product) technical assessment to optimize the use of water, energy, and raw materials in the production of CPO, calculating a series of technical parameters and indicators and determining the latter’s efficiency. The results showed that for a processing capacity of 30,000 kg/h of African palm bunches, 5070 kg/h of CPO were obtained, reaching a production yield of 69.63%, a wastewater production ratio (WPR) of 58.64 %, a fractional water consumption (FWC) of 2.38 m³/t of CPO, a total cost of freshwater (TCF) of 347.33 USD/day, a total cost of energy (TCE) of 13,235.95 USD/day, an energy-specific intensity (ESI) of 4905.66 MJ/t of CPO, a natural gas consumption index (NGCI) of 103,421.65 m³/t of CPO, an electric energy consumption index (EECI) of 165.67 kWh/t of CPO, and a net energy ratio (NER) and energy utilization index (ECI) of 165.67 kWh/t of CPO. The EUI is higher than 1. Additionally, five indicators showed an efficiency higher than 80%, highlighting the energy indicators (TCE, NGCI, and EECI), which reached the highest efficiency (95.45%) due to the predominant use of natural gas, and the water indicators (FWC and TCF), which reached 92.90% and 88.12%, respectively. Finally, improvements are required in the WPR (41.36%) and the ESI (78.13%), which merit optimization techniques using mass and energy integration, respectively. Full article

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16 pages, 3481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Crop Structure to Alleviate Groundwater Pressure Under Climate Change—A Case Study of the North China Plain

by Jingyao Wang, Xinshuang Song, Pengfei Luo, Belay Z. Abate and Li He

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4484; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104484 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Agricultural production faces significant uncertainty due to climate change, complicating groundwater issues in the North China Plain. This study introduces the groundwater footprint concept to alleviate groundwater pressure through an optimized crop structure amid climate change. By forecasting groundwater recharge, crop water demand, [...] Read more.

Agricultural production faces significant uncertainty due to climate change, complicating groundwater issues in the North China Plain. This study introduces the groundwater footprint concept to alleviate groundwater pressure through an optimized crop structure amid climate change. By forecasting groundwater recharge, crop water demand, and food demand, a multi-objective optimization model based on groundwater footprint constraints is developed. This thesis analyzes the groundwater pressure from irrigation with historical and optimized crop structures. The findings indicate that under the historical crop structure, irrigation during dry years causes severe stress on the groundwater system as a whole, and extreme stress on 40.87% of the area; during normal years, it results in severe stress overall and extreme stress on 39.02% of the area. With the optimized crop structure, irrigation during dry years only mildly stresses the groundwater system, reducing groundwater consumption by 66.04%; during normal years, it causes light stress, reducing consumption by 50.79%. Optimizing agricultural production’s crop types and spatial layout aids in addressing climate change challenges and alleviating groundwater pressure in the North China Plain. Full article

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22 pages, 5301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Security Pattern Construction for Carbon Sink Capacity Enhancement: The Case of Chengdu Metropolitan Area

by Langong Hou, Huanhuan Hu, Tao Liu and Che Ma

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104483 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Constructing regional ecological security patterns (ESP) and enhancing carbon sequestration are essential for achieving China’s dual-carbon goals. However, rapid urbanization has intensified landscape fragmentation, disrupted ecosystem flows, and significantly altered urban ecological networks, weakening their carbon sink functions. Using the Chengdu metropolitan area [...] Read more.

Constructing regional ecological security patterns (ESP) and enhancing carbon sequestration are essential for achieving China’s dual-carbon goals. However, rapid urbanization has intensified landscape fragmentation, disrupted ecosystem flows, and significantly altered urban ecological networks, weakening their carbon sink functions. Using the Chengdu metropolitan area (CMA) as a case study, a time-series ESP from 2000 to 2020 was constructed. Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA), the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model, the gravity model, and complex network theory were employed to assess the spatiotemporal evolution and carbon sequestration capacity of the ecological network. Results revealed continuous declines in ecological sources and corridors, an initial rise then stabilization in resistance, and weakening connectivity, particularly in central and western subregions. Reductions in modularity and topological indices reflected lower ecological stability and greater vulnerability. Forest land served as the primary carbon sink, closely associated with multiple topological metrics; grassland sequestration correlated with clustering, while water bodies were positively linked to centrality measures. Adding 10 stepping-stone nodes and 45 corridors could enhance carbon sequestration by approximately 4156 Mg C yr⁻¹, with forests contributing 94.8% by 2020. This study provides scientific support for resilient regional ESP construction and dual-carbon strategy advancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Application of Land Surveying and Mapping in Land Resource Development and Management)

17 pages, 1378 KiB

Open AccessReview

Under Fire: A Brazilian Perspective on Climate Change and Child Health

by William Cabral-Miranda, Dirceu Solé, Gustavo Falbo Wandalsen, Marilyn Urrutia-Pereira, Marcelo de Paula Corrêa, Camila Magalhães Silveira, Clovis Francisco Constantino, Maria Paula de Albuquerque, Renata Dejtiar Waksman, Evangelina da Motta Pacheco Alves de Araujo, Guinter Parschalk, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira da Silva Filho, Milton Lapchik, Adriana Mallet, Helena Keico Sato, Fátima Rodrigues Fernandes, José Luiz Egydio Setúbal and Carlos Afonso Nobre

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4482; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104482 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Climate change significantly impacts child health, with Brazilian children facing unique vulnerabilities due to the country’s environmental and socioeconomic landscape. This article explores how rising temperatures, pollution, and extreme weather amplify respiratory, neurological, and psychological issues, spread vector-borne diseases, and reduce food security, [...] Read more.

Climate change significantly impacts child health, with Brazilian children facing unique vulnerabilities due to the country’s environmental and socioeconomic landscape. This article explores how rising temperatures, pollution, and extreme weather amplify respiratory, neurological, and psychological issues, spread vector-borne diseases, and reduce food security, disproportionately impacting children and adolescents. We also discuss mitigation strategies and recommendations for climate adaptation, including initiatives for sustainable land-use, expanded educational and health programs, and enhanced support for biodiversity conservation. These actions are essential to safeguarding child health and addressing the growing climate crisis nationally and internationally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health, Well-Being and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupling Coordination Between New Urbanization and Economic Development Level in Wuhan

by Jing Wang, Qingmiao Tang and Weilong Guo

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4481; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104481 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Based on the statistical data of Wuhan from 2000 to 2022, this paper constructs an evaluation system for the coordinated development of new urbanization and the economy. It uses the entropy weight method and the coupling coordination degree model to comprehensively measure the [...] Read more.

Based on the statistical data of Wuhan from 2000 to 2022, this paper constructs an evaluation system for the coordinated development of new urbanization and the economy. It uses the entropy weight method and the coupling coordination degree model to comprehensively measure the relationship between the two. Then, the temporal variation characteristics of the coupling coordination degree between them are analyzed. Finally, Geodetector is employed to analyze the driving factors. The results show that (1) during the study period, the overall urbanization indices of population, economy, society, and space in Wuhan showed an upward trend, while the development trends of the subsystems of the economy were different. Among them, the economic structure developed relatively steadily; the economic environment showed an overall upward trend. The economic scale grew steadily from 2000 to 2019 but significantly decreased after 2019 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) The comprehensive evaluation index of new urbanization and the economy in Wuhan showed a fluctuating upward trend. The levels of urbanization and economic development were constantly improving. Urbanization lagged behind economic growth from 2000 to 2008, developed synchronously during 2009–2019, and surpassed economic development between 2020 and 2022. (3) The coupling coordination degree has changed from severe dissonance to quality coordination severe dissonance to quality coordination. Its development process is affected by policy and the social environment. (4) According to the analysis of the geographic detector, the following indicators have a high impact: the share of the urban population, the consumer price index, and the proportion of the employed population in secondary and tertiary industries. Based on the analysis results, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are proposed from three aspects in order to provide references for the coordinated development of urbanization and the economy: urbanization rate, employment, and consumption levels. Full article

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20 pages, 8019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Criteria Framework for Sustainable Marine Spatial Planning in Coastal Cities: Case Study in Shenzhen, China

by Han Yu, Fenghao Zhang, Hongbing Yu and Yu Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4480; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104480 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

As rapid urbanization intensified pressure on coastal ecosystems, balancing economic development with ecological preservation remained a critical challenge. This study developed a multi-criteria framework for integrated marine spatial planning and applied it to Shenzhen, China—a rapidly expanding coastal metropolis overseeing 1145 km² [...] Read more.

As rapid urbanization intensified pressure on coastal ecosystems, balancing economic development with ecological preservation remained a critical challenge. This study developed a multi-criteria framework for integrated marine spatial planning and applied it to Shenzhen, China—a rapidly expanding coastal metropolis overseeing 1145 km² of marine territory with a 260.5 km coastline, 61.47% of which has been anthropogenically modified. The methodology combined ecological, environmental, and socioeconomic indicators through a hierarchical evaluation system, using entropy-weighted indices and GIS-based spatial analysis to assess marine space suitability across three functional categories: ecological protection, urban development, and biological resource utilization. The results revealed that 38.53% of Shenzhen’s coastline retains natural geomorphology, while 23.7% annual growth in maritime infrastructure projects since 2015 highlights urgent development pressures. Marine spatial zoning identified priority areas for ecological conservation, urban–industrial expansion, and biological resource utilization through a 1 km × 1 km grid-based analysis, integrating water quality monitoring data. The framework demonstrated how adaptive zoning of underutilized coastal areas could enhance resource efficiency while balancing economic and environmental goals. These findings provide empirical evidence for optimizing marine resource allocation in coastal megacities, emphasizing the importance of data-driven planning anchored in quantitative metrics (e.g., shoreline development intensity and fisheries resource carrying indices) to achieve long-term sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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28 pages, 5056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Macroinvertebrate Diversity Indices and Community Stability in the North Canal River Basin of Urban Beijing, China

by Longfei Du, Jinjin Ge, Min Zhang, Haiping Zhang, Yang Yu, Ying Xie, Yuhang Zhang, Chunya Zeng, Wenqi Peng, Quchang Chen and Xiaodong Qu

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4479; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104479 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Understanding the contribution of macroinvertebrate diversity indices to community stability in urban rivers is critical for developing more effective strategies to manage and conserve the ecological health of urban rivers and to maintain sustainable regional economic and social development. However, knowledge regarding the [...] Read more.

Understanding the contribution of macroinvertebrate diversity indices to community stability in urban rivers is critical for developing more effective strategies to manage and conserve the ecological health of urban rivers and to maintain sustainable regional economic and social development. However, knowledge regarding the relationship between environmental factors, multidimensional biodiversity, and community stability in urban rivers remains limited. In this study, we investigated the relationships among macroinvertebrate multidimensional diversity, secondary productivity-to-biomass ratio (SP/B), and average variation degree (AVD) in a typical urban river—the North Canal River basin in Beijing—to identify which biodiversity metric best indicates community stability. Macroinvertebrates were extensively sampled from September to October 2020 in the North Canal River basin (BYH), a typical urban river in Beijing. We comparatively analyzed the spatial variation in different types of diversity—species diversity (SD), functional diversity (FD), and phylogenetic diversity (PD)—as well as SP/B and AVD between the upstream and midstream–downstream reaches of the river under varying degrees of urbanization and human disturbance. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the relationships among multidimensional diversity, SP/B, and AVD. The results showed that upstream environmental factors and diversity indices together explained 52.9% and 52.0% of the variance in SP/B and AVD, respectively, while midstream–downstream factors explained 65.9% and 84.2%, respectively. These findings suggest that both SP/B and AVD are suitable indicators for examining the relationships between macroinvertebrate community stability, diversity indices, and environmental factors in the BYH. In the upstream region, total phosphorus (TP), FD, and PD were more indicative of SP/B in the central urban area, while SD and PD were more indicative of AVD. In contrast, in the midstream–downstream suburban areas, dissolved oxygen (DO), SD, and PD were more indicative of SP/B, while FD and PD were more indicative of AVD. These findings demonstrate that PD is a stronger indicator of both SP/B and AVD under varying anthropogenic disturbances and environmental conditions. The PLS-SEM results also indicated differences in the specific effects of FD and SD on community stability across the upstream and midstream–downstream sections, as well as differences in the direct effects of environmental factors such as TP and DO. These results suggest that PD is more sensitive than FD and SD in detecting the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances and environmental fluctuations on macroinvertebrate community stability in urban rivers. Our study provides evidence that PD outperforms FD and SD in predicting macroinvertebrate community stability in urban river ecosystems and that the combined use of SP/B and AVD better reveals the complex interactions between biodiversity and environmental factors influencing community stability. This combination can thus enhance our understanding of how biodiversity affects macroinvertebrate community stability in urban rivers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity, Conservation Biology and Sustainability)

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20 pages, 2153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Resource Tax and Green Industrial Development: Reform from the Largest Emerging Economy

by Haiyan Lu, Yongxin Zhu and Yongqing Kang

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4478; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104478 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

The global challenge of water resource management presents a policy dilemma: while water resource tax aims to foster green development, it may hinder the economic potential of micro entities. This paper evaluates the efficacy of a trial of water resource tax reform in [...] Read more.

The global challenge of water resource management presents a policy dilemma: while water resource tax aims to foster green development, it may hinder the economic potential of micro entities. This paper evaluates the efficacy of a trial of water resource tax reform in China regarding the green total factor productivity of listed Chinese industrial enterprises over the period spanning 2012–2019 by employing a quasi-natural experiment. This study utilizes multi-period Difference-in-Differences (DID) and propensity score matching methodologies to deal with the self-selection bias inherent in choosing pilot areas. The findings illustrate that the reform exerted a crucial beneficial impact on the GTFP of industrial enterprises. The main takeaway of this study is that the phased reform, integrating water resource taxes with the adaptation of micro entities, offers a pathway for economies to balance resource restrictions with sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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26 pages, 7486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Water Use Efficiency and Stress in Thailand’s River Basins: Trends, Challenges, and Policy Strategies

by Chaiyapong Thepprasit, Bawornrat Sukrakanchana and Nitirach Sa-nguanduan

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4477; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104477 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Water use efficiency (WUE) and water stress (WS) are keys indicators of water sustainability, particularly in regions with rising demand and limited supply. In Thailand, increasing water use across sectors and climate variability have raised concerns about long-term availability. This study applied Sustainable [...] Read more.

Water use efficiency (WUE) and water stress (WS) are keys indicators of water sustainability, particularly in regions with rising demand and limited supply. In Thailand, increasing water use across sectors and climate variability have raised concerns about long-term availability. This study applied Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators 6.4.1 (WUE) and 6.4.2 (WS) at the river basin level, covering 22 basins from 2015 to 2022, to provide a more localized perspective than national assessments. A modified version of the FAO’s monitoring framework was applied, using standardized formulas based on sectoral water withdrawals and economic productivity. Supplementary data were gathered through estimation techniques, field surveys, and stakeholder consultations. The results showed a 21.0% decline in WUE and a rise in WS from 9.68% to 13.8%, indicating increased pressure on water resources. A very strong negative correlation was found between WUE and WS (r = −0.97, p < 0.001), although causation could not be inferred. Regional differences were evident: basins such as Tha Chin and Chao Phraya showed worsening conditions, while the Peninsula–West Coast remained relatively stable. These findings suggest the need for targeted policies to improve water use efficiency, especially in agriculture, and to enhance monitoring systems. Increasing wastewater reuse and implementing efficiency measures could help to reduce stress in vulnerable basins and support Thailand’s progress to achieving SDG 6.4. Full article

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30 pages, 5456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Railway Line Capacity on the Railway Network Using a New Innovative Method

by Vladimír Ľupták, Milan Dedík, Peter Morihladko, Peter Šulko and Lumír Pečený

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4476; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104476 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Nowadays, it is essential to contribute to sustainable transport to the maximum extent possible. Therefore, a significant emphasis is placed on environmentally friendly modes of transport, especially railway transport. For this reason, it is very important to ensure sufficient capacity of the railway [...] Read more.

Nowadays, it is essential to contribute to sustainable transport to the maximum extent possible. Therefore, a significant emphasis is placed on environmentally friendly modes of transport, especially railway transport. For this reason, it is very important to ensure sufficient capacity of the railway infrastructure and high-quality railway transport operations. Railway transport control, operation, and management bring several specifications and unique features. One of the most important things is to correctly determine the capacity and throughput of the railway infrastructure because it must be clear how many trains can be operated on a concrete railway line for a certain time. Therefore, the issue of railway infrastructure capacity is a relatively broad and complex topic. Currently, there are several methods and ways to determine it. However, for scientific progress and research in this field, it is necessary to look for new scientific and professional solutions to the mentioned issue with effective implementation into practice. The mentioned contribution deals with new modern progressive methods of determining the capacity of the railway line using simulations and software applications. The main objective is to establish a methodology, specifically a heuristic procedure, in which specific partial steps of a new method of determining the capacity of railway infrastructure are defined. Subsequently, this new way of determining it is directly applied and explained on the specific railway line Bratislava–Komárno, which is located in southwestern Slovakia. The first part of the paper contains a theoretical framework and a brief explanation of the issue, including current used methods, as well as current scientific and professional manuscripts and papers that deal with this topic. Subsequently, the mentioned railway line is described, including the current operational problems arising on it due to insufficient current capacity. As part of the results, the proposal part is presented, including a universal heuristic procedure, which includes partial steps of the new methodology with application to the mentioned railway line. The discussions present its theoretical and practical benefits and topics for the further development of this issue. However, the most significant benefit will be the more effective identification of bottlenecks in railway operations, which will improve its smoothness and will have a significant impact on sustainable development and its aspects in the field of transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Railway Construction, Operation and Transportation, 2nd Edition)

27 pages, 3386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Agglomeration Differences of Amenities and Causes in Traditional Villages from the Perspective of Tourist Perception

by Haiyan Yan, Rui Dong, Yanbing He, Jianqing Qi and Luna Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4475; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104475 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Amid global rural tourism growth and rural revitalization policies, traditional villages’ resource protection and tourism development have drawn international academic attention. To guide villages’ resource planning and management, this study constructed an evaluation index system of cultural, ecological, industrial, talent, and organizational amenities [...] Read more.

Amid global rural tourism growth and rural revitalization policies, traditional villages’ resource protection and tourism development have drawn international academic attention. To guide villages’ resource planning and management, this study constructed an evaluation index system of cultural, ecological, industrial, talent, and organizational amenities in traditional villages from the perspective of tourists’ perceptions using grounded theory and measured the spatial agglomeration differences, synergistic effects and their influencing factors of traditional village amenities by using location entropy, spatial autocorrelation, and gray correlation degree analysis. The results show that (1) the spatial distributions of cultural, ecological, industrial, and organizational amenities are more balanced, while talent amenities exhibit a more concentrated distribution. (2) The spatial concentration of amenities in traditional villages has a strong positive spatial correlation, the agglomeration level of the high-high type of concentration is distributed in clusters, the low–low type tends to be contiguous, and the low–high type is distributed sporadically around the high–high type; significant synergy between ecological and industrial amenities, and organizations play a supportive role in the spatial agglomeration of cultural, ecological, ecological and talent amenities. (3) Gross regional product, slope, and distance to 3A and above scenic spots significantly influence the spatial agglomeration of amenities. This study provides reference for the sustainable development of traditional villages from the perspectives of exerting agglomeration and radiation effects, synergistically promoting villages’ development, constructing the memory symbol system, and integrating the resource structural system based on the spatial agglomeration difference characteristics of traditional village amenities. Full article

32 pages, 3852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

E-Leadership Within Public Sector Organisations: A Systematic Literature Review

by Vita Juknevičienė, Nora Leach, Rita Toleikienė, Sigitas Balčiūnas, Gotautė Razumė, Irma Rybnikova and Inese Āboliņa

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4474; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104474 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2025

Abstract

E-leadership has become particularly prominent in the public sector over the last five years. The urgent shift requires more remote work and management via information and communication technologies. In recognition of its ever-growing popularity, the objective of this article is to provide a [...] Read more.

E-leadership has become particularly prominent in the public sector over the last five years. The urgent shift requires more remote work and management via information and communication technologies. In recognition of its ever-growing popularity, the objective of this article is to provide a systematic review of the existing literature on e-leadership within public sector organisations and identify key research approaches and outcomes. The analysis provides a framework of research on e-leadership in public sector entities, by focusing on various theoretical, methodological, empirical and contextual perspectives, specifically tailored to public sector organisations. The detailed framework, presented here, incorporates dimensions, approaches, clusters and findings of previous research (articles, published in the period 2013–2022), aiding a deeper understanding of the phenomenon and its practical implementation. The study complies with PRISMA 2020 requirements. As it shall be demonstrated, interest in the phenomenon surged during the pandemic, particularly within educational and management disciplines. The findings highlight a predominant focus on leadership within educational institutions, whilst areas such as healthcare and public governance remain under-researched. The most common theoretical approach adopted is associated with the transformational leadership theory and encompasses three main interpretations. Specifically, it evaluates e-leadership as a strategic approach, a leadership process and a leadership transformation. Qualitative methodology predominates in e-leadership research within the public sector, with quantitative and mixed-method approaches being less frequent. Addressing the challenges identified by previous research, such as competency and infrastructure deficiencies, is crucial for advancing knowledge of e-leadership in the public sector and improving sustainable performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Economic Development and Business Management)

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22 pages, 826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Co-Firing of Pine Biomass and Waste Coal in 100 and 600 MW Power Plants: A Sustainable Approach to Reduce GHG Emissions

by Prakashbhai R. Bhoi and Surja Sarkar

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4473; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104473 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Climate change is a global issue that has gained much attention recently. Co-firing biomass with coal/waste coal reduces the electricity sector’s GHG emissions sustainably. This study uses commercial software to model waste coal and biomass co-firing in 100 MW and 600 MW power [...] Read more.

Climate change is a global issue that has gained much attention recently. Co-firing biomass with coal/waste coal reduces the electricity sector’s GHG emissions sustainably. This study uses commercial software to model waste coal and biomass co-firing in 100 MW and 600 MW power plants. The objective is to assess the effects of fluid types (subcritical and supercritical), plant capacities (100 MW and 600 MW), boiler types (pulverized coal and circulating fluidized bed boilers), biomass and waste coal co-firing ratios (0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0), and carbon capture and storage efficiencies (0%, 90%, 95%, and 97%) on performance parameters such as net plant efficiency, heat rate, net plant CO₂ and SO₂, and particulate matter emissions. The feedstocks selected for this investigation include anthracite waste coal and loblolly pine biomass. As the biomass fraction increases from 0% to 100%, co-fired power plants net efficiency increases by 3–8%. Supercritical plants had a 6% higher net plant efficiency than the subcritical plants. The study found that the biomass’s high heating value decreased the fuel flow rate and reduced plant CO₂ emissions by 10–16%. With 100% biomass power plant feed and 90% carbon capture and storage efficiency, CO₂ emissions drop by 83% and SO₂ and PM emissions drop to zero. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

26 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Roots to Resilience: Exploring the Drivers of Indigenous Entrepreneurship for Climate Adaptation

by Indunil P. Dharmasiri, Eranga K. Galappaththi, Timothy D. Baird, Anamaria Bukvic and Santosh Rijal

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4472; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104472 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Our study investigates the drivers that foster the emergence of entrepreneurial responses to climate change among Indigenous communities. Indigenous peoples possess distinct worldviews and approaches to enterprise that prioritize community well-being and environmental stewardship over individual profit. Conventional entrepreneurship theories do not adequately [...] Read more.

Our study investigates the drivers that foster the emergence of entrepreneurial responses to climate change among Indigenous communities. Indigenous peoples possess distinct worldviews and approaches to enterprise that prioritize community well-being and environmental stewardship over individual profit. Conventional entrepreneurship theories do not adequately capture Indigenous business approaches, leaving a limited understanding of how Indigenous communities merge traditional ecological knowledge with entrepreneurial activities to adapt to climate challenges. Through a systematic literature review (65 articles) and a case study of six Sri Lankan Vedda communities, we identified 15 key drivers that shape Indigenous climate-adaptive ventures and categorized them under five themes: (1) place-based relationships (resource stewardship, territorial connections, environmental risk factors); (2) intergenerational learning (traditional knowledge transfer, adaptation learning, collective experience); (3) community institutions (social networks, institutional support, overcoming the agency–structure paradox); (4) collective capacity (access to information, access to capital, community-oriented entrepreneurial traits); and (5) culturally aligned venture strategies (Indigenous business models, traditional products, local market relationships). Our study demonstrates how Vedda communities integrate entrepreneurship with cultural values to enhance climate resilience. Our research advances the field of Indigenous entrepreneurship while providing insights for policymakers and practitioners to support culturally appropriate climate adaptation strategies that enhance both community well-being and environmental sustainability. Full article

21 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustaining Talent: The Role of Personal Norms in the Relationship Between Green Practices and Employee Retention

by Weichao Ding and Muhammad Rafiq

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4471; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104471 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Amid growing sustainability demands, limited research explores how green organizational practices influence employee retention through personal norms. In the Chinese manufacturing sector, where talent retention is increasingly critical amid environmental challenges, this study examined the relationships between green shared vision, green corporate social [...] Read more.

Amid growing sustainability demands, limited research explores how green organizational practices influence employee retention through personal norms. In the Chinese manufacturing sector, where talent retention is increasingly critical amid environmental challenges, this study examined the relationships between green shared vision, green corporate social responsibility (CSR), green psychological climate, and green human resource management (HRM) with employee retention, mediated by personal norms. A quantitative research design was adopted, collecting survey data from 263 employees working in the Chinese manufacturing sector. Structural equation modeling (SEM) using Smart PLS tested the direct and mediating effects of personal norms on the relationship between green organizational practices and employee retention. The results reveal that green shared vision and green CSR significantly enhance personal norms, which positively impact employee retention. Personal norms mediate the relationships between these two practices and retention. However, green psychological climate and green HRM show no significant direct or mediated effects on personal norms and retention, suggesting the need for additional contextual alignment to enhance their effectiveness. Organizations should integrate sustainability into their strategic vision and CSR activities to foster personal norms that drive retention. Efforts such as green communication campaigns, community-centered CSR programs, and targeted green HRM policies can strengthen employees’ alignment with organizational goals and reduce turnover. This study extends the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by demonstrating the role of personal norms as a mediator, providing fresh insights into the psychological mechanisms linking green practices to employee retention within China’s manufacturing context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health, Well-Being and Sustainability)

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21 pages, 6322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digitalisation to Improve Automated Agro-Export Logistics: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis

by Luis Kevin Cortez-Clavo, Maryorie Irania Salazar-Muñoz and Rogger Orlando Morán-Santamaría

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4470; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104470 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Digitalisation in logistics has evolved in the search for continuous improvement and optimised processes. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of digitalisation implemented by companies to improve the automated logistics of cross-border trade in the agricultural sector. The research methodology was generated [...] Read more.

Digitalisation in logistics has evolved in the search for continuous improvement and optimised processes. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of digitalisation implemented by companies to improve the automated logistics of cross-border trade in the agricultural sector. The research methodology was generated through a bibliometric analysis, exploring the evolution of the state of the art through the Scopus, WOS and Dimensions databases, in order to select relevant empirical studies on digitalisation and automated logistics, using quality criteria and applying the PRISMA flow chart. The results highlighted that since 2017, there have been signs of increased interest from researchers, with authors such as Zoubek, Kumar and Ghobakhloo standing out. This review revealed how digitalisation contributes to the optimisation of costs and time in the logistics chain. Designing public policies allows for a better integration of technologies such as IoT and AI. Three important blocks were identified that have contributed to the effectiveness of digitalisation in automated logistics: the impact of digitalisation on logistics efficiency and the supply chain, technological integration and automation in cross-border logistics, and governance, policies and social considerations in logistics digitalisation. The conclusions reached were that digitalisation has been a fundamental element in improving logistics and making it autonomous within cross-border trade, allowing technology to become integrated and reducing obstacles in the supply chain through digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Business Innovation)

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