Ecological Pressure of Carbon Footprint in Passenger Transport: Spatio-Temporal Changes and Regional Disparities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Carbon Footprint Model for Passenger Transport
2.2. Model for the Ecological Pressure of the Carbon Footprint in Passenger Transport (EPcfpt)
2.3. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of EPcfpt in China
2.4. The Coefficient of Variation of EPcfpt in Eight Comprehensive Economic Zones
3. Data Sources
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. EPcfpt Results
4.2. Spatial Autocorrelation of EPcfpt in China
4.2.1. Global Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
4.2.2. Local Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
4.3. Regional Disparities of EPcfpt in China’s Eight Comprehensive Economic Zones
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Recommendations and Future Research
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Transport Mode | Road | Railway | Aviation | Waterway |
---|---|---|---|---|
βi (kg CO2/pkm) | 0.132 | 0.065 | 0.369 | 0.07 |
Economic Zones | Provinces a | Economic Zones | Provinces a |
---|---|---|---|
North Coastal | 1, 2, 3, 15 | East Coastal | 9, 10, 11 |
South Coastal | 13, 19, 21 | Northwest | 26, 28, 29, 30, 31 |
The Middle of the Yangtze River | 4, 5, 16, 27 | Southwest | 20, 22, 23, 24, 25 |
The Middle of the Yellow River | 12, 14, 17, 18 | Northeast | 6, 7, 8 |
Province a | Ecological Pressure of Carbon Footprint in Passenger Transport (102 kg CO2/ha) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | |
1 | 234.42 | 265.33 | 273.69 | 276.58 | 350.37 | 386.91 | 406.72 | 410.92 | 439.37 | 483.87 |
2 | 33.89 | 37.14 | 54.68 | 55.47 | 62.74 | 69.78 | 104.94 | 106.21 | 119.31 | 133.00 |
3 | 8.09 | 8.92 | 6.98 | 7.40 | 8.76 | 10.17 | 10.97 | 8.66 | 9.37 | 9.12 |
4 | 4.42 | 4.86 | 5.43 | 5.22 | 5.41 | 5.78 | 5.99 | 5.64 | 5.65 | 5.72 |
5 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.86 |
6 | 8.14 | 8.88 | 9.69 | 10.09 | 10.97 | 11.29 | 11.94 | 11.65 | 13.86 | 14.21 |
7 | 1.90 | 2.26 | 3.10 | 3.28 | 3.79 | 4.03 | 4.19 | 3.26 | 3.48 | 3.65 |
8 | 1.85 | 2.14 | 1.92 | 2.25 | 2.47 | 2.70 | 3.12 | 2.99 | 3.39 | 3.53 |
9 | 387.68 | 469.68 | 494.49 | 550.19 | 680.25 | 745.00 | 684.33 | 762.19 | 830.60 | 890.25 |
10 | 25.43 | 29.80 | 24.26 | 26.73 | 29.93 | 33.93 | 37.70 | 27.49 | 29.11 | 29.44 |
11 | 22.45 | 26.41 | 28.69 | 30.12 | 34.06 | 35.64 | 37.04 | 33.11 | 35.80 | 38.32 |
12 | 9.00 | 10.03 | 12.50 | 13.85 | 15.11 | 16.82 | 19.18 | 12.66 | 13.80 | 11.35 |
13 | 7.68 | 8.92 | 8.60 | 9.42 | 10.47 | 11.75 | 12.85 | 13.44 | 15.20 | 16.52 |
14 | 5.70 | 5.19 | 5.55 | 4.70 | 6.41 | 6.79 | 7.09 | 6.69 | 7.05 | 6.89 |
15 | 11.44 | 13.04 | 17.04 | 18.95 | 19.56 | 20.49 | 21.48 | 13.10 | 13.53 | 13.31 |
16 | 9.49 | 11.14 | 13.56 | 15.02 | 16.75 | 18.90 | 20.12 | 14.31 | 16.19 | 15.15 |
17 | 6.31 | 7.34 | 8.38 | 8.36 | 10.10 | 11.28 | 12.40 | 9.29 | 10.57 | 11.71 |
18 | 6.61 | 7.27 | 7.54 | 8.03 | 9.16 | 10.26 | 10.95 | 10.41 | 11.19 | 10.46 |
19 | 20.39 | 36.23 | 33.97 | 38.60 | 45.44 | 50.74 | 57.71 | 49.81 | 57.87 | 62.78 |
20 | 5.99 | 6.91 | 7.32 | 8.47 | 9.54 | 10.70 | 11.67 | 8.97 | 9.94 | 10.70 |
21 | 25.71 | 29.02 | 41.46 | 38.20 | 41.29 | 46.32 | 49.99 | 52.37 | 58.83 | 63.84 |
22 | 6.32 | 8.22 | 9.65 | 10.87 | 12.74 | 14.57 | 18.84 | 17.82 | 20.07 | 22.55 |
23 | 11.91 | 11.97 | 13.53 | 13.71 | 11.85 | 16.79 | 18.15 | 17.37 | 19.35 | 20.84 |
24 | 3.10 | 3.33 | 3.59 | 3.76 | 4.27 | 5.09 | 5.89 | 5.62 | 6.04 | 5.30 |
25 | 2.81 | 3.06 | 2.98 | 2.98 | 3.40 | 3.85 | 4.30 | 3.80 | 4.09 | 3.87 |
26 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 |
27 | 4.45 | 4.63 | 5.12 | 5.26 | 6.11 | 7.08 | 6.89 | 5.94 | 7.09 | 7.21 |
28 | 1.35 | 1.49 | 1.89 | 2.03 | 2.16 | 2.52 | 2.70 | 3.20 | 3.30 | 3.50 |
29 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.51 |
30 | 2.26 | 2.57 | 3.46 | 3.59 | 4.19 | 4.86 | 5.37 | 5.00 | 5.68 | 6.20 |
31 | 0.97 | 1.09 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.28 | 1.42 | 1.64 | 1.70 | 1.62 | 1.57 |
Unadjusted (First Scenario) | Adjusted (Second Scenario) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Moran’s I-Value | Z-Value | p-Value | Moran’s I-Value | Z-Value | p-Value |
2006 | 0.0471 | 1.0254 | 0.135 | 0.299 | 3.093 | 0.010 |
2007 | 0.0423 | 0.9367 | 0.150 | 0.232 | 2.427 | 0.020 |
2008 | 0.0469 | 1.0349 | 0.138 | 0.204 | 2.358 | 0.018 |
2009 | 0.0441 | 1.0561 | 0.126 | 0.221 | 2.203 | 0.029 |
2010 | 0.0490 | 0.8746 | 0.116 | 0.232 | 2.465 | 0.013 |
2011 | 0.0541 | 0.9045 | 0.110 | 0.214 | 2.246 | 0.023 |
2012 | 0.0718 | 1.1480 | 0.127 | 0.205 | 2.270 | 0.025 |
2013 | 0.0470 | 0.9699 | 0.142 | 0.150 | 1.993 | 0.043 |
2014 | 0.0467 | 1.0002 | 0.146 | 0.135 | 1.978 | 0.041 |
2015 | 0.0478 | 1.0815 | 0.133 | 0.115 | 2.149 | 0.036 |
Year | Low Aggregation Provinces a | High Aggregation Provinces a |
---|---|---|
2006 | 5, 8, 23, 28, 29, 31 | 10, 12, 13 |
2007 | 5, 8, 23, 28, 29, 31 | 12, 13, 14 |
2008 | 5, 23, 28, 29, 31 | 12, 13 |
2009 | 5, 23, 28, 29, 31 | 10, 12, 13, 14 |
2010 | 5, 8, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31 | 10, 12, 13, 14 |
2011 | 5, 23, 28, 29, 31 | 12, 13, 14 |
2012 | 5, 23, 28, 29, 31 | 13, 14 |
2013 | 5, 8, 23, 28, 29, 31 | 13 |
2014 | 5, 8, 23, 28, 29, 31 | 13, 14 |
2015 | 5, 8, 23, 31 | 13 |
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Ma, F.; Wang, W.; Sun, Q.; Liu, F.; Li, X. Ecological Pressure of Carbon Footprint in Passenger Transport: Spatio-Temporal Changes and Regional Disparities. Sustainability 2018, 10, 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020317
Ma F, Wang W, Sun Q, Liu F, Li X. Ecological Pressure of Carbon Footprint in Passenger Transport: Spatio-Temporal Changes and Regional Disparities. Sustainability. 2018; 10(2):317. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020317
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Fei, Wenlin Wang, Qipeng Sun, Fei Liu, and Xiaodan Li. 2018. "Ecological Pressure of Carbon Footprint in Passenger Transport: Spatio-Temporal Changes and Regional Disparities" Sustainability 10, no. 2: 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020317