Keep Them Engaged: Romanian County Inspectorates for Emergency Situations’ Facebook Usage for Disaster Risk Communication and Beyond
Abstract
:1. Introduction
County Inspectorates for Emergency Situations from Romania—Their Communication Principles and SM Use
- Professionalism: emergency management personnel involved in disaster risk and crisis communication have to receive specific training in public relations and campaign management;
- Proactive approach: messages have to be designed and tested prior to an emergency situation;
- Audience orientation: communication efforts should be designed based on the needs assessment of specific target-groups;
- Multi-channel approach: communication has to be carried out through multiple channels to reach a wider audience with the messages;
- Integrated approach: disaster risk communication requires compact and complementary planning of different activities regarding public information and education, such as campaigns, exercises;
- Brand orientation: the image of the CIES has to be popularized by applying modern marketing strategies, developing brand campaigns, establishing web presence and using symbols of visual identity of the institutions;
- Transparency: measures taken by CIES and their activities have to be promoted;
- Partnership: partnership with the civil society has to be developed by supporting volunteering, programs and platforms for public consultation and communication.
2. Study Aims
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Stakeholder Engagement Patterns in Relation with Media and Content Type
4.2. Disaster Risk and Crisis Communication Patterns Observed in CIES FACEBOOK Use
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Category | Subcategory | Definition |
Natural hazard | Awareness raising and education | Messages promoting structural and non-structural prevention measures and preparedness measures for natural disasters:
|
Warning | Messages that warn the population regarding the higher occurrence probability of a risk at a specific time | |
Summary of interventions | Messages narrating interventions in emergency situations generated by past natural hazards and those regarding the damages recorded as a result of dangerous events and the preventive measures applied in order to reduce their effects. | |
Real time communication | Messages containing information on the evolution of an emergency situation triggered by natural hazard in real time. Also messages that contain containing traffic information during the emergency situations triggered by natural risks. | |
Request for support | Messages addressed directly to the population in order to:
| |
Everyday and technological risk | Awareness raising and education | Informative educational messages/campaigns/actions regarding:
|
Summary of interventions | Messages narrating past interventions in emergency situations, others than those generated by past natural hazards. This also includes the messages regarding the damages recorded as a result of dangerous events and the preventive measures applied in order to reduce their effects. | |
Real time communication | Messages containing information on the evolution of an emergency situation triggered by other types of hazards in real time | |
Organization promotion | Presentation of employees and volunteers | Messages on the participation of employees, either individually or in group in:
|
Summary of awareness raising activities | Messages presenting previously conducted education activities in the communities and news and briefings on civil protection drills involving population | |
Acquiring new material resources | Messages on purchases conducted to improve the response capacity by acquiring new material resources | |
Summary of activities to support public safety | Messages on the participation of Inspectorates in public events in order to ensure the safety of the participants. | |
Participation in events for the community | Messages on the participation of Inspectorates in events for the community service such as:
| |
Rescue of animals | Messages narrating the intervention of the employees of Inspectorates in order to rescue animals. | |
Compassion messages | Messages by which the Inspectorate expresses its compassion for the persons affected by a disaster/emergency situation. Messages for the remembrance of employees who died on duty or under other circumstances. | |
Motto/Values/display of symbols | Messages to promote the values/motto of the Inspectorates. References to important events such as Firefighters’ Day, Civil Protection Day and the anniversary of founding of units within the Inspectorates. Participation in official parades in uniforms on the national day or other holidays. | |
Activity reports | Messages which present annual or quarterly reports on the activity of the Inspectorates | |
Marketing of their own services | Offer of studies | Messages promoting the “Pavel Zăgănescu” School for Firefighters and Civil Protection |
Permits/certifications | Messages promoting the permits/certifications services:
| |
Job ads | Job ads in the units of the Inspectorates for Emergency Situations. | |
Volunteer recruitment | Volunteers recruitment ads for the voluntary services for emergency situations | |
Invitation to events | Invitation to events organized by the Inspectorates | |
Promotion of mobile applications and other SM networks | Messages which promote other social media channels or the mobile application designed for disaster risk and crisis communication, developed by the Department for Emergency Situations | |
Alarm drill | - | Messages referring to alarm drills for the population at national/county/local level:
|
First Aid education | - | Messages contain practical information on the correct manner to provide first aid. |
Non-information | - | Messages referring to bank holidays or other important historical. Examples of such messages:
|
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Name | Sign | Formula | Measures |
---|---|---|---|
Popularity | P1 | Posts liked 2/total posts | Percentage of posts that have been liked |
P2 | Total likes 2/total posts | Average likes per post | |
P3 | (P2/number of fans) × 1000 | Popularity of messages among fans | |
Commitment | C1 | Posts with comments/total posts | Percentage of posts with comments |
C2 | Total comments/total posts | Average comments per post | |
C3 | (C2/number of fans) × 1000 | Commitment of messages among fans | |
Virality | V1 | Posts shared/total posts | Percentage of shared posts |
V2 | Total shares/total posts | Average shares per post | |
V3 | (V2/number of fans) × 1000 | Virality of messages among fans | |
Engagement | E | P3 + C3 + V3 | Stakeholder engagement index |
Media Type | % | Popularity | Commitment | Virality | Engagement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Event | 1.3 | 8.8868 | 0.0770 | 0.0011 | 8.9649 |
Link | 8.5 | 8.7765 | 0.1971 | 1.5878 | 10.5614 |
Live | 1 | 26.1485 | 3.4963 | 4.8425 | 34.4873 |
Photo | 71.8 | 15.6679 | 1.1381 | 3.6235 | 20.4295 |
Status | 4.6 | 5.2712 | 0.1371 | 1.6203 | 7.0286 |
Video | 12.8 | 11.3032 | 0.5395 | 3.7931 | 15.6359 |
Total | 100 | 13.0793 | 0.8281 | 3.2236 | 17.1311 |
Kruskal-Wallis test | 149.622 | 177.669 | 142.073 | 156.323 | |
Asymptotic Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Category | Sub-Category | % | Popularity | Commitment | Virality | Engagement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural hazard (NH) | Awareness raising and education | 6.2 | 5.6285 | 0.0422 | 2.3121 | 7.9827 |
Warning | 3.3 | 3.3938 | 0.0150 | 1.3922 | 4.8010 | |
Summary of interventions | 3.3 | 11.9913 | 0.1208 | 2.3895 | 14.5015 | |
Real-time communication | 2.4 | 11.1401 | 0.3270 | 4.4542 | 15.9213 | |
Request for support | 0.5 | 6.0719 | 0.0270 | 2.8017 | 8.9005 | |
Total NH | 15.7 | 8.0380 | 0.1126 | 2.6640 | 10.8147 | |
Kruskal-Wallis test | 62.755 | 28.813 | 8.167 | 44.769 | ||
Asymptotic Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.086 | 0.000 | ||
Everyday and technological risk (ER) | Awareness raising and education | 3.6 | 10.8041 | 0.8756 | 4.6568 | 16.3365 |
Summary of interventions | 20.1 | 11.5749 | 0.3820 | 3.6572 | 15.6140 | |
Real-time communication | 2.2 | 11.5747 | 0.6027 | 3.4723 | 15.6496 | |
Total ER | 25.9 | 11.2915 | 0.6099 | 3.9856 | 15.8871 | |
Kruskal-Wallis test | 19.611 | 35.850 | 9.076 | 16.455 | ||
Asymptotic Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.000 | ||
Organization promotion (OP) | Presentation of employees and volunteers | 19 | 20.7175 | 1.2999 | 3.0955 | 25.1129 |
Summary of awareness raising activities | 7.6 | 12.7085 | 0.1135 | 1.5865 | 14.4085 | |
Acquiring new material resources | 0.7 | 27.5103 | 0.7452 | 3.3074 | 31.5629 | |
Summary of activities to support public safety | 0.9 | 12.2860 | 0.0520 | 1.0449 | 13.3829 | |
Participation in events for the community | 1.5 | 16.6022 | 0.3570 | 2.6481 | 19.6072 | |
Rescue of animals | 1.2 | 26.7208 | 2.1315 | 7.2677 | 36.1201 | |
Compassion messages | 0.8 | 39.3825 | 19.6157 | 18.6162 | 77.6143 | |
Motto/values/display of symbols | 5.5 | 23.3097 | 0.7941 | 4.1201 | 28.2239 | |
Activity reports | 0.9 | 15.1492 | 0.1451 | 1.4113 | 16.7056 | |
Total OP | 38.1 | 20.7959 | 1.9680 | 4.1318 | 26.8957 | |
Kruskal-Wallis test | 31.141 | 114.670 | 28.8200 | 35.774 | ||
Asymptotic Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
Marketing of their own services (MS) | Offer of studies | 2.2 | 6.9110 | 0.0605 | 1.9964 | 8.9678 |
Permits/certifications | 1.6 | 5.1973 | 0.0372 | 1.4458 | 6.6803 | |
Job ads | 0.7 | 9.0175 | 0.1255 | 0.8652 | 10.0083 | |
Volunteer recruitment | 1 | 11.8744 | 0.2966 | 4.1336 | 16.3046 | |
Invitation to events | 3.7 | 12.0285 | 0.2354 | 3.2301 | 15.4939 | |
Promotion of mobile applications and other SM networks | 0.4 | 4.6336 | 0.0146 | 0.3901 | 5.0383 | |
Total MS | 9.6 | 8.5788 | 0.1362 | 2.3398 | 11.0547 | |
Kruskal-Wallis test | 55.650 | 34.614 | 40.403 | 55.213 | ||
Asymptotic Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
Alarm drill (AD) | 2.9 | 5.5138 | 0.1066 | 2.8474 | 8.4678 | |
First Aid education (FA) | 0.5 | 8.5374 | 0.1111 | 3.8790 | 12.5275 | |
Non-information (NI) | 7.3 | 12.4515 | 0.2608 | 0.8514 | 13.5636 | |
Total | 100 | 13.0793 | 0.8281 | 3.2236 | 17.1311 | |
Kruskal-Wallis test | 238.365 | 180.634 | 37.792 | 173.446 | ||
Asymptotic Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Content Type | Event | Link | Live | Photo | Status | Video | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Awareness raising and education | - | 4.7 | - | 6.8 | 8.1 | 4.1 | 6.2 |
Warning | - | 3.8 | - | 3.7 | 5.9 | 0.2 | 3.3 |
Summary of interventions | - | 3.9 | - | 3.0 | 7.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 |
Real-time communication | - | 1.2 | - | 2.4 | 5.9 | 3.3 | 2.4 |
Request for support | - | 0.6 | - | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 0.5 |
Natural hazard (NH) | - | 14.2 | - | 16.2 | 28.0 | 13.2 | 15.8 |
Awareness raising and education | - | 3.3 | - | 3.8 | 4.8 | 2.8 | 3.6 |
Summary of interventions | - | 32.2 | - | 17.2 | 51.5 | 21.2 | 20.1 |
Real-time communication | - | 0.2 | 3.8 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 4.2 | 2.2 |
Everyday and technological risk (ER) | - | 35.7 | 3.8 | 23.2 | 56.9 | 28.2 | 25.9 |
Presentation of employees and volunteers | - | 14.4 | 71.3 | 18.9 | 2.8 | 26.3 | 19.0 |
Summary of awareness raising activities | - | 3.5 | 1.3 | 9.5 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 7.6 |
Acquiring new material resources | - | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | - | 0.5 | 0.7 |
Summary of activities to support public safety | - | 0.3 | - | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.9 |
Participation in events for the community | - | 1.5 | - | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
Rescue of animals | - | 1.7 | - | 0.9 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 1.2 |
Compassion messages | - | 0.2 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
Motto/values/display of symbols | - | 1.7 | 16.3 | 6.1 | 0.8 | 6.5 | 5.5 |
Activity reports | - | 2.3 | - | 0.9 | - | 0.7 | 0.9 |
Organization promotion (OP) | - | 26.1 | 91.3 | 40.9 | 6.7 | 41.4 | 38.1 |
Offer of studies | - | 3.8 | - | 1.9 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 2.2 |
Permits/certifications | - | 2.9 | - | 1.6 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 1.6 |
Job ads | - | 6.7 | - | 0.2 | 0.3 | - | 0.7 |
Volunteer recruitment | 14.1 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 0.8 | - | - | 1.0 |
Invitation to events | 82.8 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 3.7 |
Promotion of mobile applications and other SM networks | - | 0.8 | - | 0.4 | - | 0.3 | 0.4 |
Marketing of their own services (MS) | 97.0 | 20.7 | 3.8 | 7.7 | 6.7 | 5.2 | 9.5 |
Alarm drill | 3.0 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 2.9 |
First Aid education (FA) | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | 2.8 | 0.5 |
Non-information (NI) | - | 1.2 | - | 8.7 | 0.6 | 7.2 | 7.3 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Category | Engagement | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Event | Link | Live | Photo | Status | Video | Total | |
Natural hazard (NH) | - | 5.7052 | - | 13.9484 | 7.5201 | 9.2304 | 10.8147 |
Everyday and technological risk (ER) | - | 5.3047 | 17.7046 | 15.7226 | 9.0778 | 21.8463 | 15.8871 |
Organization promotion (OP) | - | 16.8422 | 39.8231 | 32.1358 | 5.9181 | 21.1716 | 26.8957 |
Marketing of their own services (MS) | 9.5265 | 7.6697 | 16.1908 | 13.1728 | 6.1567 | 9.3712 | 11.0547 |
Alarm drill (AD) | 4.4721 | 6.5619 | 25.3833 | 9.3107 | 5.3000 | 7.3494 | 8.4678 |
First Aid education (FA) | - | - | - | 10.0757 | - | 13.8477 | 12.5275 |
Non-information (NI) | - | 15.3822 | - | 16.3512 | 0.2079 | 10.0929 | 13.5636 |
Total | 8.9649 | 10.5614 | 34.4873 | 20.4295 | 7.0286 | 15.6359 | 17.1311 |
Hazard | % | Engagement | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Educational | Non-Educational | Total | ||
Severe weather conditions | 53.9 | 10.0107 | 11.4837 | 11.0791 |
Wildfire | 17.2 | 10.0806 | 12.7322 | 11.8153 |
Heatwaves | 15.2 | 8.5095 | 10.4015 | 9.1188 |
Floods | 8.8 | 8.5349 | 13.7643 | 12.8056 |
Earthquakes | 4.7 | 3.8793 | 5.4492 | 4.0312 |
Landslides | 0.2 | - | 5.9197 | 5.9197 |
Total | 100 | 7.9827 | 12.0268 | 10,8147 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Meltzer, M.; Ștefănescu, L.; Ozunu, A. Keep Them Engaged: Romanian County Inspectorates for Emergency Situations’ Facebook Usage for Disaster Risk Communication and Beyond. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1411. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051411
Meltzer M, Ștefănescu L, Ozunu A. Keep Them Engaged: Romanian County Inspectorates for Emergency Situations’ Facebook Usage for Disaster Risk Communication and Beyond. Sustainability. 2018; 10(5):1411. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051411
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeltzer, Monika, Lucrina Ștefănescu, and Alexandru Ozunu. 2018. "Keep Them Engaged: Romanian County Inspectorates for Emergency Situations’ Facebook Usage for Disaster Risk Communication and Beyond" Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1411. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051411
APA StyleMeltzer, M., Ștefănescu, L., & Ozunu, A. (2018). Keep Them Engaged: Romanian County Inspectorates for Emergency Situations’ Facebook Usage for Disaster Risk Communication and Beyond. Sustainability, 10(5), 1411. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051411