Sustainable Adaptation to Multiple Water Risks in Agriculture: Evidence from Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Model
3.1. Theoretical Model
3.2. Econometric Model
Yit | is the dependent variable observed for household i at time t. In our case, it is the crop land use in hectares; |
Xit | is a vector of explanatory variables for household i at time t; |
β | is a vector of coefficients; |
αi | denotes unobserved state specific effects which are assumed to be fixed over time and vary across state I; |
uit | is the error term. |
3.3. Diagnostic Tests of the Data Set
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Set | Variable | Description | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Climate | Rainfall Bangladesh | Daily, monthly | BMD |
Temp. Bangladesh | Daily, monthly | BMD | |
Rainfall India | Monthly, total | IMD | |
Disaster | Crop damage by flood | Actual amount | MOFDM |
Water | Arsenic level | Parts per million | BGS-DPHE |
Flooded area | Flooded area | NOAA-AVHRR | |
Salinity | Saline zone | BWDB | |
Agriculture | Land use | Cultivated acres | BBS |
Crop production | Metric tons | BBS | |
Irrigation | Irrigated acres | BBS | |
Dams | Dams location | Geographical | CWC |
GIS | Pumps location | Location | BGS-DPHE |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Aman Rice | Aman Rice (IV) | Wheat | Sugarcane | Boro Rice |
Flood risk | 9.557 *** | 7.075 ** | 1.383 *** | 0.448 *** | −5.328 *** |
(1.033) | (2.942) | (0.339) | (0.162) | (0.953) | |
Arsenic risk | −2.696 *** | −3.787 ** | −0.0693 | 0.216 ** | 0.797 |
(0.844) | (1.485) | (0.228) | (0.109) | (0.640) | |
Salinity risk | 1.504 | 0.609 | −0.215 | −0.255 ** | 0.430 |
(0.917) | (1.364) | (0.245) | (0.117) | (0.689) | |
Extreme rainfall | −1.890 *** | −1.761 *** | −0.0936 | −0.0702 | 0.722 * |
(0.566) | (0.597) | (0.152) | (0.0728) | (0.428) | |
Extreme temperature | −0.000452 | −0.000384 | 0.000236 * | 4.36e−05 | −0.000870 ** |
(0.000499) | (0.000516) | (0.000133) | (6.37e−05) | (0.000374) | |
Irrigation | −0.0614 *** | −0.0139 * | 0.239 *** | ||
(0.0159) | (0.00760) | (0.0446) | |||
Constant | 15.72 *** | 16.96 *** | 2.044 *** | 0.636 *** | 11.55 *** |
(0.877) | (1.641) | (0.392) | (0.188) | (1.104) | |
Regional fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hausman test | 10.27 * | 86.85 *** | 793.25 *** | 87.00 *** | |
Sargan test | 0.5628 | ||||
Observations | 192 | 192 | 192 | 192 | 192 |
R-squared | 0.631 | 0.528 | 0.281 | 0.686 |
Types of Selected Examples of Adaptation Options in Smallholder Bangladesh Agriculture |
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Signal detection
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Evaluation
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Decisions and Response
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Feedback
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Islam, M.; Managi, S. Sustainable Adaptation to Multiple Water Risks in Agriculture: Evidence from Bangladesh. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061734
Islam M, Managi S. Sustainable Adaptation to Multiple Water Risks in Agriculture: Evidence from Bangladesh. Sustainability. 2018; 10(6):1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061734
Chicago/Turabian StyleIslam, Moinul, and Shunsuke Managi. 2018. "Sustainable Adaptation to Multiple Water Risks in Agriculture: Evidence from Bangladesh" Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061734