Revisiting the Sustainability Concept of Urban Food Production from a Stakeholders’ Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Quantifying the Sustainability of UFP
1.2. The Need for a Bottom-Up Perspective
1.3. Goal and Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participatory Research Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Analysis
- Centrality refers to the stakeholder groups. The centrality in the network highlights the concepts that are most used by the distinct groups involved in the workshops, thereby showing the most agreed upon concepts. Thus, the more central a concept is, the larger the number of groups that have named it.
- Connectivity refers to the sustainability concepts and the frequency of the connection sustainability element—the stakeholder groups. The connectivity shows how many times a sustainability element was mentioned in the network in total (i.e., by the different groups), outlining the most relevant concepts. Hence, the more connections a concept has with the different stakeholder groups, the more times it has been employed.
3. Results
3.1. An Insight into the Elements of Sustainability
3.1.1. Environmental Sustainability
3.1.2. Social Sustainability
3.1.3. Economic Sustainability
3.2. The Pluridimensionality of Sustainability Elements: Synergies and Trade-Offs
- “Lack of training”: lack of agronomical skills could lead to low resource efficiency and large environmental burdens,
- “Implementation without considering the local context”: the design and implementation of UFP initiatives without considering the local resources and the local social needs and expectations could lead to negative impacts in both dimensions,
- “Land access disparities”: unequal distribution of the limited land available in urban areas could have negative impacts on the social dimension (e.g., low access to low-income and vulnerable people) and on the environmental dimension (e.g., preference for economically-profitable initiatives that can have environmental impacts),
- “Land access occupation”: the limited land availability in the urban environment and the occupation and use of urban spaces for UFP could lead to negative outputs in environmental and social terms, particularly due to land use competition and land access issues.
3.3. Multi-Scalar Sustainability
4. Discussion
4.1. Completing the Vision of Sustainability
4.2. Policy Implications and Power Relations
4.3. UFP Contribution to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Workshop Participants
Workshop | Group | Participant | Number |
---|---|---|---|
Stakeholder meeting | Administration and associations | Local government, Regional government, National agency, Local environmental association | 4 |
Urban garden managers and practitioners | Managers and gardeners of local realities (Urban allotment garden, Community garden, Squatted garden) Representative of citizen-driven food co-op | 6 | |
UFP-related companies and co-ops | Urban agriculture small/medium enterprises (SME), Association of local food producers, Food production co-operative manager, Periurban farmer | 5 | |
Researchers on food systems | Researchers from University of Bologna, University of Macerata and University of Amsterdam | 5 | |
Urban Green Train course workshop | International students from urban agriculture pilot course | Applied Science University of South Westfalia (SWUAS) | 10 |
University of Bologna (UNIBO) | 4 | ||
Institut agronomique veterinaire et forestier de France (AGREENIUM) | 6 | ||
Independent students (The Netherlands, Serbia, Italy, France, Brazil): practitioners and local administration | 11 | ||
Total | 51 |
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Study | Scale | UFP Type | Location | Dimension | Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[7] | National | - | United Kingdom | Environment | LCA |
[23] | City | - | Lisbon, Portugal | Environment | LCA |
[18] | City | Diverse | Boston, United Stated (USA) | Environment | LCA |
[33] | City | Rooftop garden | Singapur, Singapur | Environment | Food production Carbon emissions |
[28] | City | Community rooftop garden | Bologna, Italy | Society | Food self-supply |
[25] | City | Diverse | Cleveland, USA | Society | Food self-supply |
[34] | City | Vacant land gardens | Manila, the Philippines | Society | Food security |
[35] | City | Rooftop greenhouses | Barcelona, Spain | Society Environment | Food self-supply LCA |
[26] | City | Vacant land gardens | Oakland, USA | Society | Food security |
[36] | City | Rooftop agriculture | New York, USA | Society | Food security |
[27] | City | Vacant spaces | Boston, USA | Society | Food security |
[37] | City | Community gardens | Philadelphia, USA | Society | Food security |
[38] | City | Community gardens | Camden, USA | Society | Food security |
[29] | Household | Community gardens | Michigan, USA | Society | Food diet Survey |
[39] | Household | Community & Home gardens | Denver, USA | Society | Food diet Survey |
[40] | Household | Community & Home gardens | San José, USA | Society | Food diet Survey |
[41] | Household System | Home gardens | Padua, Italy | Environment Economy Society | LCA LCC Food security |
[42] | Household | Home gardens | Chicago, USA | Environment | Agrobiodiversity |
[43] | System | Rooftop garden | Barcelona, Spain | Environment | LCA |
[19] | System | Suburban greenhouse | Beijing, China | Environment | LCA |
[15] | System | Suburban farm | Sydney, Australia | Environment | LCA |
[20] | System | Community supported agriculture | Sacramento, USA | Environment | LCA |
[31] | System | Rooftop garden | Paris, France | Environment Economy | LCA LCC |
[17] | System | Rooftop greenhouse | Barcelona, Spain | Environment Economy | LCA & LCC |
[21] | System | Rooftop greenhouse | Barcelona, Spain | Environment | LCA |
[44] | System | Aquaponics | Venice, Italy | Environment | LCA |
[22] | System | Aquaponics | Padua, Italy | Environment | LCA |
[45] | System | Peri-urban agriculture | Seville, Spain | Environment | LCA |
[46] | System | Rooftop garden | Paris, France | Society | Food production |
[47] | System | Rooftop garden | Paris, France | Environment Society | Ecosystem services Food production |
[32] | System | Vertical farming | Quebec, Canada | Economy | Profitability |
[48] | System | Aquaponics | United States | Society Economy | Food security Income Job creation |
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Sanyé-Mengual, E.; Orsini, F.; Gianquinto, G. Revisiting the Sustainability Concept of Urban Food Production from a Stakeholders’ Perspective. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072175
Sanyé-Mengual E, Orsini F, Gianquinto G. Revisiting the Sustainability Concept of Urban Food Production from a Stakeholders’ Perspective. Sustainability. 2018; 10(7):2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072175
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanyé-Mengual, Esther, Francesco Orsini, and Giorgio Gianquinto. 2018. "Revisiting the Sustainability Concept of Urban Food Production from a Stakeholders’ Perspective" Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072175