Agricultural Diversification and Economic Growth in Ecuador
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theories of Growth and the Role of Agriculture in Diversification
2.1. Productive Diversification
2.2. Diversification as a Strategy for Economic, Social, and Environmental Development
2.3. Determinants of Diversification
3. Methodology
3.1. Methods
3.1.1. Shannon-Weaver Index
3.1.2. Cartograms
3.1.3. Statistical Indices to Associate Variables
Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Covariance (δXY)
3.1.4. Research Area
4. Results
4.1. Shannon Index Results
4.2. Cartograms
4.3. Association Indices
4.3.1. Pearson Correlation Coefficient
4.3.2. Covariance
4.4. Discussion of Results
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Economic Variables | Source of Information |
---|---|
Gross added value (dollars) | Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE) |
Gross added value—agriculture (dollars) | Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE) |
Social Variables | |
Average total household income (dollars) | Comprehensive System of Social Indicators of Ecuador, 2014 (SIISE) |
Economically active population (number of people) | Comprehensive System of Social Indicators of Ecuador, 2014 (SIISE) |
Level of education of the total population (years of schooling) | Comprehensive System of Social Indicators of Ecuador, 2014 (SIISE) |
Total unemployment rate (%) | Comprehensive System of Social Indicators of Ecuador, 2014 (SIISE) |
Financial Variables | |
Sector credit volume (dollars) | Superintendence of Banks |
Variable | Shannon Index |
---|---|
Gross added value | −0.066 |
Gross added value—agriculture | 0.161 |
Average total household income | 0.119 |
Economically active population | 0.025 |
Education level (years of schooling) | −0.107 |
Unemployment rate | −0.177 |
Credit volume | −0.006 |
Variable | Shannon Index |
---|---|
Gross added value | −231,802.16 |
Gross added value—agriculture | 31,451.62 |
Average total household income | 7.55 |
Economically active population | 5,552.15 |
Education level (years of schooling) | −0.05 |
Unemployment rate | −0.13 |
Credit volume | −358,517.56 |
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Pacheco, J.; Ochoa-Moreno, W.-S.; Ordoñez, J.; Izquierdo-Montoya, L. Agricultural Diversification and Economic Growth in Ecuador. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072257
Pacheco J, Ochoa-Moreno W-S, Ordoñez J, Izquierdo-Montoya L. Agricultural Diversification and Economic Growth in Ecuador. Sustainability. 2018; 10(7):2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072257
Chicago/Turabian StylePacheco, Jennypher, Wilman-Santiago Ochoa-Moreno, Jenny Ordoñez, and Leonardo Izquierdo-Montoya. 2018. "Agricultural Diversification and Economic Growth in Ecuador" Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072257