Evaluation of Long-Term SOC and Crop Productivity within Conservation Systems Using GFDL CM2.1 and EPIC
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. EPIC Model Description, Calibration and Validation
2.4. Baseline and Climate Change Projections
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Climate Change and Management Practice Effects on Crop Yields
3.2. Other Effects on Crop Yields
3.3. Climate Change and Management Practice Effects on SOC Stocks
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Main Crop | Depth (cm) | pH | BD (g cm−3) | C.E.C. (cmol kg−1) | P (g t−1) | K+ (g t−1) | WOC * (%) | WN * (g t−1) | Sand (%) | Silt (%) | Rock (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upland Rice | 0–10 | 5.3 | 1.17 | 38 | 76 | 350 | 1.40 | 1616 | 0.1 | 29.4 | 1.0 |
10–20 | 5.3 | 1.24 | 35 | 71 | 211 | 1.31 | 1517 | 0.1 | 27.6 | 0.9 | |
20–40 | 5.4 | 1.16 | 29 | 69 | 176 | 0.84 | 1139 | 0.1 | 24.9 | 0.7 | |
40–100 | 4.5 | 1.12 | 23 | 62 | 116 | 0.51 | 762 | 0.1 | 22.4 | 0.6 | |
Soybean | 0–10 | 5.2 | 1.24 | 27 | 84 | 403 | 1.40 | 1718 | 0.1 | 29.9 | 1.3 |
10–20 | 5.3 | 1.26 | 26 | 79 | 273 | 1.38 | 1525 | 0.1 | 29.1 | 1.2 | |
20–40 | 5.3 | 1.22 | 23 | 76 | 209 | 0.85 | 1020 | 0.1 | 26.0 | 0.7 | |
40–100 | 4.5 | 1.11 | 24 | 69 | 117 | 0.54 | 773 | 0.1 | 21.6 | 0.6 | |
Cassava | 0–10 | 5.3 | 1.2 | 29 | 95 | 364 | 1.40 | 1554 | 0.2 | 28.5 | 1.1 |
10–20 | 5.3 | 1.23 | 30 | 91 | 238 | 1.38 | 1526 | 0.1 | 27.3 | 0.9 | |
20–40 | 5.3 | 1.23 | 25 | 91 | 185 | 0.91 | 1258 | 0.1 | 25.3 | 0.7 | |
40–100 | 4.5 | 1.08 | 26 | 83 | 126 | 0.54 | 852 | 0.1 | 21.0 | 0.6 |
Elemental Fertilizer | Main Crops | Annual Fertilization (kg ha−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
2009 | 2010 to 2013 | ||
Phosphorus (P) | All crops | 35 | 14 |
Nitrogen (N) | Upland Rice Soybean Cassava Maize | 69 23 92 92 | 46 23 69 69 |
Potassium (K) | Upland Rice Soybean Cassava Maize | 75 75 75 75 | 25 50 75 25 |
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Treatment | Crop Rotation in Each Cropping System | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year 1 2009 | Year 2 2010 | Year 3 2011 | Year 4 2012 | Year 5 2013 | |
Rice Systems | |||||
CTR | Mb/R | Mb/R | Mb/R | Mb/R | Mb/R |
CA1R | Mt/R+St | Mt+Cr/R+St | Mt/R+St | St(2011) /R+St | St(2012)/R+St |
CA2R | Mt/R+St | Mt+Cr/M+St | Mt+Cr+St(2010)/R+St | St(2011)/M+St | St(2012)/R+St |
CA3R | Mt/M+St | Mt+Cr/R+St | Mt+Cr+St(2010)/M+St | St(2011)/R+St | St(2012)/M+St |
Soybean Systems | |||||
CTS | Se/S | Se/S | Se/S | Se/S | Se/S |
CA1S | Mt/S+Brz | Mt/S+Brz | Mt/S+St+Sg | Mt/S+St | Sg/S+St+Sg |
CA2S | Mt/S+St | Mt/M+St | Mt/S+St | Mt+Cr/M+St | Sg/S+St+Sg |
CA3S | Mt/M+Brz | Mt/S+St | Mt+Cr/M+St | St(2011)/S+St | Sg+Cr/M+St |
Cassava Systems | |||||
CTC | C | C | C | C | C |
CA1C | C+St | C+St | St(2010)/C+St | St(2011)/C+St | C+St |
CA2C | C+St | Mt/M+St | St(2010)/C+St | Mt+Cr/M+St | C+St |
CA3C | Mt/M+St | C+St | Mt+Cr/M+St | St(2011)/C+St | St(2012)/M+St |
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Le, K.N.; Jha, M.K.; Jeong, J.; Gassman, P.W.; Reyes, M.R.; Doro, L.; Tran, D.Q.; Hok, L. Evaluation of Long-Term SOC and Crop Productivity within Conservation Systems Using GFDL CM2.1 and EPIC. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2665. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082665
Le KN, Jha MK, Jeong J, Gassman PW, Reyes MR, Doro L, Tran DQ, Hok L. Evaluation of Long-Term SOC and Crop Productivity within Conservation Systems Using GFDL CM2.1 and EPIC. Sustainability. 2018; 10(8):2665. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082665
Chicago/Turabian StyleLe, Kieu N., Manoj K. Jha, Jaehak Jeong, Philip W. Gassman, Manuel R. Reyes, Luca Doro, Dat Q. Tran, and Lyda Hok. 2018. "Evaluation of Long-Term SOC and Crop Productivity within Conservation Systems Using GFDL CM2.1 and EPIC" Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2665. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082665