Formulating and Optimizing a Novel Biochar-Based Fertilizer for Simultaneous Slow-Release of Nitrogen and Immobilization of Cadmium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation Process of Biochar-Based Fertilizer
2.2. Optimizing Parameters Using RSM
2.3. Leaching through a Sand Column Experiment
2.4. Characterization of Biochar-Based Fertilizer
2.5. Adsorption Experiments
2.6. Pot Experiment Design
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Model Establishment and Analysis
3.2. Effect of Interactive Variables
3.3. Experimental Validation of the Optimized Conditions
3.4. Characterization of Biochar-Based Fertilizer
3.5. Adsorption Kinetic Models for Cadmium
3.6. Adsorption Isotherms
3.7. Effects of Biochar-Based Fertilizer on Plant Growth
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level | Experimental Factors | ||
---|---|---|---|
Water Addition X1 (%) | Fertilizer-Biochar Mass Ratio X2 | Kaolin Addition X3 (%) | |
−1 | 5 | 0.1 | 5 |
0 | 15 | 1 | 15 |
1 | 25 | 1.9 | 25 |
Runs | Code Factors | Response Y (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | X2 | X3 | Actual | Predicted | |
1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 33.31 | 33.505 |
2 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 29.3 | 28.915 |
3 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 27.95 | 27.75 |
4 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 31.35 | 31.345 |
5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 21.77 | 21.380 |
6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 35.51 | 35.515 |
7 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 17.74 | 17.545 |
8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29.42 | 29.047 |
9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.3 | 29.047 |
10 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 21.37 | 21.570 |
11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29.42 | 29.047 |
12 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 37.8 | 37.215 |
13 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 32.78 | 33.170 |
14 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 26.52 | 26.905 |
15 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 26.85 | 27.435 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F Value | p Value Prob > F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 403.92 | 9 | 44.88 | 98.53 | <0.0001 |
X1, water addition | 15.74 | 1 | 15.74 | 34.55 | 0.0020 |
X2, fertilizer–biochar ratio | 97.30 | 1 | 97.30 | 213.62 | <0.0001 |
X3, kaolin addition | 161.46 | 1 | 161.46 | 354.47 | <0.0001 |
X1X2 | 1.22 | 1 | 1.22 | 2.68 | 0.1625 |
X1X3 | 6.84 | 1 | 6.84 | 15.01 | 0.0117 |
X2X3 | 5.69 | 1 | 5.69 | 12.49 | 0.0167 |
X12 | 8.76 | 1 | 8.76 | 19.24 | 0.0071 |
X22 | 19.37 | 1 | 19.37 | 42.53 | 0.0013 |
X32 | 78.80 | 1 | 78.80 | 172.99 | <0.0001 |
Residual | 2.28 | 5 | 0.46 | ||
Lack of Fit | 1.44 | 3 | 0.48 | 1.15 | 0.4966 |
Pure Error | 0.84 | 2 | 0.42 | ||
R2 | 0.9944 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.9843 | ||||
Predicted R2 | 0.9386 | ||||
Adequate Precision | 35.695 |
Sample | C (%) | H (%) | N (%) | O (%) | C/N | O/C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biochar | 50.10 | 1.71 | 0.72 | 11.33 | 81.18 | 0.17 |
Biochar-based fertilizer | 49.03 | 2.18 | 5.60 | 11.81 | 10.21 | 0.18 |
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Chen, L.; Chen, Q.; Rao, P.; Yan, L.; Shakib, A.; Shen, G. Formulating and Optimizing a Novel Biochar-Based Fertilizer for Simultaneous Slow-Release of Nitrogen and Immobilization of Cadmium. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082740
Chen L, Chen Q, Rao P, Yan L, Shakib A, Shen G. Formulating and Optimizing a Novel Biochar-Based Fertilizer for Simultaneous Slow-Release of Nitrogen and Immobilization of Cadmium. Sustainability. 2018; 10(8):2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082740
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Lu, Qincheng Chen, Pinhua Rao, Lili Yan, Alghashm Shakib, and Guoqing Shen. 2018. "Formulating and Optimizing a Novel Biochar-Based Fertilizer for Simultaneous Slow-Release of Nitrogen and Immobilization of Cadmium" Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082740