Blue and Green Water Footprint Assessment for China—A Multi-Region Input–Output Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Data
2.1. Methodology
2.2. Data
3. Results
3.1. China’s Blue and Green Water Footprint from the Production Perspective
3.2. China’s Blue and Green Water Footprint from the Consumption Perspective
3.3. Net Blue and Green Virtual Water Flows of China
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sector Abbreviation | Sector Full Name | IWF Unit: km3 | VWI Unit: km3 | VWE Unit: km3 | WFP Unit: km3 | WFC Unit: km3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
secAtB | Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing | 376.5 | 81.3 | 10.8 | 387.3 | 457.8 |
secC | Mining and Quarrying | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 2.3 |
sec15t16 | Food, Beverages, and Tobacco | 204.1 | 8.0 | 14.6 | 218.7 | 212.1 |
sec17t18 | Textiles and Textile Products | 24.9 | 0.5 | 38.0 | 62.9 | 25.4 |
sec19 | Leather, Leather and Footwear | 12.4 | 0.3 | 11.5 | 23.9 | 12.7 |
sec20 | Wood and Products of Wood and Cork | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 2.1 |
sec21t22 | Pulp, Paper, Paper, Printing, and Publishing | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 |
sec23 | Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
sec24 | Chemicals and Chemical Products | 3.8 | 1.5 | 8.0 | 11.8 | 5.3 |
sec25 | Rubber and Plastics | 1.4 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 1.6 |
sec26 | Other Non-Metallic Mineral | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 0.4 |
sec27t28 | Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal | 3.2 | 1.0 | 5.1 | 8.3 | 4.2 |
sec29 | Machinery, Nec | 16.5 | 0.5 | 5.5 | 22.0 | 17.0 |
sec30t33 | Electrical and Optical Equipment | 13.0 | 1.0 | 25.3 | 38.3 | 14.0 |
sec34t35 | Transport Equipment | 16.2 | 0.3 | 2.4 | 18.6 | 16.5 |
sec36t37 | Manufacturing, Nec; Recycling | 1.8 | 0.3 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 2.1 |
secE | Electricity, Gas and Water Supply | 10.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 11.0 | 10.7 |
secF | Construction | 126.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 126.9 | 126.5 |
sec50 | Sale, Maintenance and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
sec51 | Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles | 9.3 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 10.2 | 9.4 |
sec52 | Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 1.9 |
secH | Hotels and Restaurants | 34.7 | 0.9 | 3.9 | 38.6 | 35.6 |
sec60 | Inland Transport | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 2.0 |
sec61 | Water Transport | 0.4 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.4 |
sec62 | Air Transport | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 0.2 |
sec63 | Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 2.3 |
sec64 | Post and Telecommunications | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 3.2 |
secJ | Financial Intermediation | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
sec70 | Real Estate Activities | 4.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
sec71t74 | Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities | 5.4 | 0.2 | 3.6 | 9.0 | 5.6 |
secL | Public Admin and Defence; Compulsory Social Security | 24.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 24.6 | 24.7 |
secM | Education | 17.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 17.3 | 17.3 |
secN | Health and Social Work | 21.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 21.4 | 21.3 |
secO | Other Community, Social, and Personal Services | 10.5 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 11.4 | 10.6 |
secP | Private Households with Employed Persons | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
sum | 953.4 | 100.7 | 153.0 | 1106.4 | 1054.1 |
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Hou, S.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, X.; Tillotson, M.R.; Guo, W.; Li, Y. Blue and Green Water Footprint Assessment for China—A Multi-Region Input–Output Approach. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2822. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082822
Hou S, Liu Y, Zhao X, Tillotson MR, Guo W, Li Y. Blue and Green Water Footprint Assessment for China—A Multi-Region Input–Output Approach. Sustainability. 2018; 10(8):2822. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082822
Chicago/Turabian StyleHou, Siyu, Yu Liu, Xu Zhao, Martin R. Tillotson, Wei Guo, and Yiping Li. 2018. "Blue and Green Water Footprint Assessment for China—A Multi-Region Input–Output Approach" Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2822. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082822