Quantifying Climate Change and Ecological Responses within the Yangtze River Basin, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Processing
2.2.1. Climate Datasets
2.2.2. Simulations of Temperature and Precipitation Data Using World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) Multiple Climate Models
2.2.3. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index/Enhanced Vegetation Index (NDVI/EVI)
2.2.4. Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at Boston University (BU) generated the Leaf Area Index (LAI)
2.2.5. MODIS Gross Primary Production/Net Primary Production (GPP/NPP)
2.3. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Trends of the Climatic Parameters in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) during 1961–2013
3.2. Trends in Ecological Indicators in the YRB
3.3. Correlations between Climatic Variations and Ecological Indicators
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Climate Parameters | Ecological Indicators | R2 | Sig |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature (Controlled Precipitation) | Annual mean NDVI | 0.37 * | 0.037 |
Mean EVI in growing season | 0.37 * | 0.035 | |
Annual mean LAI | 0.35 ** | 0.001 | |
Annual GPP | 0.40 * | 0.049 | |
Annual NPP | 0.41 * | 0.044 | |
Precipitation (Controlled Temperature) | Annual mean NDVI | 0.01 | 0.776 |
Mean EVI in growing season | 0.19 | 0.158 | |
Annual mean LAI | 0.00 | 0.799 | |
Annual GPP | 0.06 | 0.491 | |
Annual NPP | 0.21 | 0.187 |
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Models | Resolution [lat (° N) × lon(° E] | Modeling Center/Group |
---|---|---|
CanESM2 | 64 × 128 | Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis |
CCSM4 | 192 × 288 | National Center for Atmospheric Research, United States |
INM-CM4 | 120 × 180 | Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russia |
MIROC-ESM-CHEM | 64 × 128 | Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Japan |
MPI-ESM-LR | 96 × 192 | Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany |
MRI-CGCM3 | 160 × 320 | Meteorological Research Institute, Japan |
Data Category | Data Description | Interval | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Climate data | Daily mean temperature | 1961–2013 | China Meteorological Data Service Center (CMDC) (http://data.cma.cn/) |
Daily precipitation | 1961–2013 | ||
Ecological indicator | Normalized Difference Vegetation Index/Enhanced Vegetation Index (NDVI/EVI) | 2001–2013 | Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 13A1 product (http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/data/search.html) |
Leaf Area Index (LAI) | 1982–2011 | Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at Boston University (BU) generated the Leaf Area Index (LAI) datasets (http://sites.bu.edu/cliveg/datacodes) | |
Gross Primary Production/Net Primary Production (GPP/NPP) | 2000–2010 | MODIS 17A3 product (http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/data/search.html) |
Variables | Increasing (slope > 0) | Decreasing (slope < 0) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | Total | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | |
Air temperature | 100.00 | 0.06 | 99.94 | - | - | - |
Precipitation | 58.66 | 3.72 | 11.59 | 41.34 | 3.80 | 4.24 |
Annualmean NDVI | 65.29 | 9.08 | 13.15 | 34.71 | 2.72 | 2.97 |
Annualmean EVI | 60.23 | 9.04 | 10.15 | 39.77 | 3.71 | 4.08 |
Annualmean LAI | 83.35 | 14.05 | 34.08 | 16.65 | 1.05 | 1.07 |
Annual GPP | 70.04 | 4.20 | 2.79 | 29.96 | 0.27 | 0.37 |
Annual NPP | 72.77 | 3.42 | 2.38 | 27.23 | 0.16 | 0.53 |
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Chen, F.; Lin, A.; Zhu, H.; Niu, J. Quantifying Climate Change and Ecological Responses within the Yangtze River Basin, China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3026. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093026
Chen F, Lin A, Zhu H, Niu J. Quantifying Climate Change and Ecological Responses within the Yangtze River Basin, China. Sustainability. 2018; 10(9):3026. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093026
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Feiyan, Aiwen Lin, Hongji Zhu, and Jiqiang Niu. 2018. "Quantifying Climate Change and Ecological Responses within the Yangtze River Basin, China" Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3026. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093026