Household Food Security Status and Its Determinants in Maphumulo Local Municipality, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Selection and Description of the Study Area
2.2. Research Design
2.3. Description and Selection of Participants
2.4. Data Collection
2.4.1. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
2.4.2. Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS)
2.5. Data Analysis
2.5.1. Computing the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
2.5.2. Computing the Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS)
2.5.3. Binary Logistic Regression Model
Description of the Explanatory Variables Used in the Binary Logistic Regression Model
3. Results
3.1. Summary of Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondents
3.2. Source of Household Food Procurement
3.3. The Type of Food Consumed by Household Members
3.4. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
3.5. Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS)
3.6. Bivariate Analysis between the Household Food Security Status (HDDS) and the Explanatory Variables
3.7. Binary Logistic Regression Model Results of the Determinants of Household Food Security Status (HDDS)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Description | Expected Outcome (+/−) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | Respondent’s age in years (continuous) | − |
Household size | Number of household members (continuous) | +/− |
Household income (US$) | Total household income (continuous) | + |
Farm size | Actual farm size in hectares (continuous) | + |
Gender | Respondent’s sex; 1 = male, 0 = female (categorical-dummy) | +/− |
Marital status | Marital status of respondent; 1 = married, 0 = single (categorical-dummy) | + |
Education status | Whether respondent had received any formal education; 1 = yes, 0 = no (categorical-dummy) | + |
Employment status | Employment status of respondent; 1 = employed, 0 = unemployed (categorical-dummy) | +/− |
Access to credit | Whether the household has access to credit or not; 1 = yes, 0 = no (categorical-dummy) | + |
Practice livestock farming | Whether household practices livestock farming or not; 1 = yes, 0 = no (categorical-dummy) | + |
Receiving infrastructural support (irrigation) | Whether household receives irrigation support or not; 1 = yes, 0 = no (categorical-dummy) | + |
Participation in the “One Home One Garden” programme | Whether a household participated in the “One Home One Garden” programme or not; 1 = yes, 0 = no (categorical-dummy) | + |
“One Home One Garden” Beneficiaries (n = 330) | Non-Beneficiaries (n = 165) | All Households (n = 495) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean | Min | Max | SD | Mean | Min | Max | SD | Mean | Min | Max | SD |
Age (years) | 52.22 | 19 | 86 | 15.63 | 54.86 | 22 | 81 | 12.09 | 53.11 | 19 | 86 | 14.58 |
Household size | 12.42 | 3 | 25 | 4.41 | 11.09 | 3 | 20 | 4.49 | 11.98 | 3 | 25 | 4.481 |
Household income (US$) | 165.23 | 36.58 | 512.07 | 126.79 | 190.97 | 36.58 | 512.07 | 115.04 | 173.80 | 36.57 | 512.07 | 123.48 |
Farm size (hectares) | 6.08 | 2 | 16 | 3.27 | 6.21 | 1 | 34 | 4.33 | 6.12 | 1 | 34 | 3.66 |
Variable | Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | |||||||||
Gender_Female | 89.39 | 87.27 | 88.5 | |||||||||
Male | 10.61 | 12.73 | 11.5 | |||||||||
Marital status_Single | 49.09 | 46.66 | 49.7 | |||||||||
Married | 50.91 | 53.34 | 50.3 | |||||||||
Education status_No formal education | 4.86 | 12.73 | 7.5 | |||||||||
Formal education | 95.14 | 87.27 | 92.5 | |||||||||
Employment status_Unemployed | 100.0 | 95.75 | 98.58 | |||||||||
Employed | - | 4.24 | 1.42 | |||||||||
Access to credit_No | 93.03 | 100 | 95.35 | |||||||||
Yes | 6.97 | - | 4.65 | |||||||||
Practice livestock farming_No | 44.24 | 38 | 43.4 | |||||||||
Yes | 55.75 | 61.81 | 56.6 | |||||||||
Receiving infrastructural support (irrigation)_No | 66.36 | 100 | 77.6 | |||||||||
Yes | 33.64 | - | 22.4 | |||||||||
Participation in the “One Home One Garden” programme_No | - | 100 | 33.33 | |||||||||
Yes | 100 | - | 66.67 |
Primary Source of Obtaining Food | “One Home One Garden” Beneficiaries (n = 330) | Non-Beneficiaries (n = 165) | All Households (n = 495) |
---|---|---|---|
Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | |
Own agricultural production including gathering, hunting, and fishing | 16.96 | 5.45 | 13.13 |
Market purchase | 6.36 | 3.63 | 5.45 |
Own agricultural production and market purchase | 30 | 10.90 | 23.64 |
Own agricultural production, market purchase, and borrowing | 3.64 | 6.06 | 4.44 |
Government social grants | 43.04 | 73.93 | 53.33 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Food Type | “One Home One Garden” Beneficiaries (n = 330) | Non-Beneficiaries (n = 165) | All Households (n = 495) |
---|---|---|---|
Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | |
Maize meal | 82.3 | 92.5 | 85.7 |
Beans | 71.5 | 89.6 | 77.5 |
Onion | 23.1 | 7.5 | 17.90 |
Red meat | 35.2 | 25.7 | 32.03 |
Poultry meat | 41.0 | 39.9 | 40.63 |
Fish | 16.9 | 8.11 | 13,97 |
Rice | 69.5 | 59.03 | 66.01 |
Cabbage | 38.9 | 2.9 | 26.90 |
Fruits | 19.0 | 3.5 | 13.83 |
Eggs | 44.2 | 38.7 | 42.37 |
Spinach | 11.1 | 2.12 | 8,11 |
Potatoes | 62.7 | 52.1 | 59.17 |
Sweet potatoes | 9.4 | 11.0 | 9.93 |
Amadumbes | 13.2 | 21.9 | 16.10 |
Milk | 60.8 | 44.5 | 55.37 |
Butternut | 3.5 | 4.15 | 3.72 |
Carrots | 2.9 | 2.19 | 2.66 |
Fats oils | 61.9 | 51.10 | 58.30 |
Sugar | 60.1 | 50.00 | 56.73 |
Average HDDS | 4.89 | 4.22 | 4.67 |
Household Food Consumption SCORE (HFCS) Category | “One Home One Garden” Beneficiaries (n = 330) | Non-Beneficiaries (n = 165) | All Households (n = 495) |
---|---|---|---|
Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | |
0 < 21 (poor) | 1.5 | 10.90 | 4.64 |
21.5 < 35 (borderline) | 33.3 | 53.93 | 40.21 |
≥35 (acceptable) | 65.2 | 35.15 | 55.15 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Variable | “One Home One Garden” Beneficiaries (n = 330) | Non-Beneficiaries (n = 165) | All Households (n = 495) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson Correlation (r) | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | Pearson Correlation (r) | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | Pearson Correlation (r) | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | |
Age (years) | −0.050 | 0.368 | −0.089 | 0.256 | −0.028 | 0.529 |
Household size | −0.111 ** | 0.044 | −0.090 | 0.250 | −0.142 *** | 0.002 |
Household income (US$) | −0.266 *** | 0.000 | −0.109 | 0.165 | −0.157 *** | 0.000 |
Farm size | 0.028 | 0.616 | 0.038 | 0.628 | 0.037 | 0.411 |
Gender | −0.078 | 0.156 | −0.043 | 0.583 | −0.050 | 0.263 |
Marital status | 0.060 | 0.280 | −0.027 | 0.727 | 0.046 | 0.305 |
Education status | −0.164 *** | 0.003 | −0.030 | 0.704 | −0.136 *** | 0.002 |
Employment status | .c | - | −0.024 | 0.763 | −0.330 *** | 0.000 |
Access to credit | 0.285 *** | 0.000 | −0.075 | 0.338 | 0.176 *** | 0.000 |
Practice livestock farming | 0.019 | 0.729 | −0.075 | 0.338 | −0.012 | 0.782 |
Receiving infrastructural support (irrigation) | −0.250 *** | 0.000 | .c | - | −0.286 *** | 0.000 |
Participation in the “One Home One Garden” programme | .c | - | .c | - | −0.337 *** | 0.000 |
Variable | B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% C.I. for EXP(B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Constant | −1.743 | 0.639 | 7.454 | 1 | 0.006 | 0.175 | ||
Household size | −0.039 | 0.027 | 2.147 | 1 | 0.143 | 0.962 | 0.913 | 1.013 |
Household income (US$) | −0.004 | 0.001 | 15.233 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.996 *** | 0.993 | 0.998 |
Education | 0.817 | 0.389 | 4.409 | 1 | 0.036 | 2.264 ** | 1.056 | 4.856 |
Access to credit | −0.733 | 0.232 | 10.015 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.481 *** | 0.305 | 0.757 |
Receiving infrastructural support (irrigation) | 1.886 | 0.543 | 12.083 | 1 | 0.001 | 6.591 *** | 2.277 | 19.102 |
Participation in the “One Home One Garden” programme | 1.259 | 0.247 | 26.032 | 1 | 0.000 | 3.522 *** | 2.172 | 5.713 |
2 Log likelihood | 466.877 a | |||||||
Cox and Snell R Square | 0.204 | |||||||
Nagelkerke R Square | 0.296 | |||||||
LR Chi2(8) | 15.824 (p = 0.045) | |||||||
Overall correct prediction | 73.5 |
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Share and Cite
Ngema, P.Z.; Sibanda, M.; Musemwa, L. Household Food Security Status and Its Determinants in Maphumulo Local Municipality, South Africa. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093307
Ngema PZ, Sibanda M, Musemwa L. Household Food Security Status and Its Determinants in Maphumulo Local Municipality, South Africa. Sustainability. 2018; 10(9):3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093307
Chicago/Turabian StyleNgema, Primrose Zama, Melusi Sibanda, and Lovemore Musemwa. 2018. "Household Food Security Status and Its Determinants in Maphumulo Local Municipality, South Africa" Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093307