Household Food Security Status and Its Determinants in Maphumulo Local Municipality, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Selection and Description of the Study Area
2.2. Research Design
2.3. Description and Selection of Participants
2.4. Data Collection
2.4.1. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
2.4.2. Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS)
2.5. Data Analysis
2.5.1. Computing the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
2.5.2. Computing the Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS)
2.5.3. Binary Logistic Regression Model
Description of the Explanatory Variables Used in the Binary Logistic Regression Model
3. Results
3.1. Summary of Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondents
3.2. Source of Household Food Procurement
3.3. The Type of Food Consumed by Household Members
3.4. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
3.5. Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS)
3.6. Bivariate Analysis between the Household Food Security Status (HDDS) and the Explanatory Variables
3.7. Binary Logistic Regression Model Results of the Determinants of Household Food Security Status (HDDS)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The State of Food and Agriculture; Viale delle Terme: Rome, Italy, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Masipa, T.S. The impact of climate change on food security in South Africa: Current realities and challenges ahead. JÀMBÁ J. Disaster Risk Stud. 2017, 9, a411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hart, T.; Voster, I.; Jansen van Rensberg, W. Indigenous Knowledge and African Vegetables. Available online: http://ecommons.hsrc.ac.za/bitstream/handle/20.500.11910/4565/6098.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 10 April 2018).
- Mkhawani, K.; Motadi, S.A.; Mabapa, N.S.; Mbhenyane, X.G.; Blaauw, R. Effects of rising food prices on household food security on female-headed households in Runnymede Village, Mopani District, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 29, 69–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). Strategic Plan 2013, 14–2017/18 for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Government Printer: Pretoria, South Africa, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Statistics South Africa. Community Survey: A Survey that Explains a Lot; Statistics South Africa: Pretoria, South Africa, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Sekhampu, T.J. Determinants of poverty in a South African township. J. Soc. Sci. 2013, 34, 145–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altman, M.; Ngandu, S. Would halving unemployment contribute to improved household food security for men and women? Agenda Empower. Women Gend. Equity 2010, 24, 52–65. [Google Scholar]
- Human Science Research Council (HSRC). Policy Paper: Government’s Role in Ensuring and Improving Food Security in South Africa; The Research and Development Directorate: Johannesburg, South Africa, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Policy Determination, Definition of Food Security; USAID: Washington, DC, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Deitchler, M.; Ballard, T.; Swindale, A.; Coates, J. Validation of a Measure of Household Hunger for Cross-Cultural Use; Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA): Washington, DC, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Western Cape Government. Bill of Rights (Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa). Available online: https://www.westerncape.gov.za/legislation/bill-rights-chapter-2-constitution-republic-south-africa#27 (accessed on 8 August 2018).
- Misselhorn, A.; Hendriks, L. A systematic review of Sub-National Food in-security Research in South Africa: Missed opportunities for policy insight. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0182399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Govender, L.; Pillay, K.; Siwela, M.; Modi, A.; Mabhaudhi, T. Food and nutrition insecurity in selected rural communities of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa—Linking human nutrition and agriculture. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal. 2017, 14, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs (KZNDAEA). Final Formulation Report (6 September 2005); KZNDAEA: Pretoria, South Africa, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- South African National Treasury. Provincial Budgets and Expenditure Review: 2010/11–2016/17; South African National Treasury: Pretoria, South Africa, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Top Business Portfolio. KZN Trade and Investment; SESALOS: Durban, South Africa, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- National Department of Agriculture (NDA). Agricultural Policy in South Africa; NDA: Pretoria, South Africa, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Altman, M.; Hart, T.G.B.; Jacobs, P.T. Household food security status in South Africa. Agrekon 2009, 48, 345–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- D’Haese, M.; Vink, N.; Nkunzimana, T.; van Damme, E.; van Rooyen, J.; Remaut, A.; Staelens, L.; D’Haese, L. Improving food security in the rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa: Too little, too slow. Dev. S. Afr. 2013, 30, 468–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masuku, M.; Selepe, M.; Ngcobo, N. Status of Household Food Security in Rural Areas at uThungulu District, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. Afr. J. Hosp. Tour. Leis. 2017, 6, 1–11. [Google Scholar]
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs (DAEA). Maphumulo Local Municipality Agricultural Projects Development Plan; DAEA: KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government. Operation Sukuma Sakhe: Implementation Model, Guidelines for Coordination; KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government: KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Machethe, C. Agriculture and Poverty in South Africa: Can Agriculture Reduce Poverty? Presented at the Overcoming Underdevelopment Conference, Pretoria, South Africa, 28–29 October 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Parliament of South Africa. Report of the High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change. Available online: https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Pages/2017/october/High_Level_Panel/HLP_Report/HLP_report.pdf (accessed on 23 April 2018).
- Statistics South Africa. Whither a Demographic Dividend South Africa: The Overton Window of Political Possibilities; Statistics South Africa: Pretoria, South Africa, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Hendriks, S.L.; Van Der Merwe, C.; Ngidi, M.S.; Manyamba, C.; Mbele, M.; McIntyre, M.; Mkandawire, E.; Molefe, Q.; Mphephu, M.Q.; Ngwane, L. What are we measuring? A comparison of household food security indicators from a sample of households in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Ecol. Food Nutr. 2016, 55, 141–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mugenda, O.; Mugenda, A. Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches; Acts Press: Nairobi, South Africa, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Yes Media. Maphumulo Local Municipality (KZN294). Available online: https://municipalities.co.za/map/1072/maphumulo-local-municipality (accessed on 13 April 2018).
- Scrimshaw, S.C.M. Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in the Study of Intra-Household Resource Allocation; United Nations University Press: Geneva, Switzerland, 1990; pp. 186–198. [Google Scholar]
- Creswell, J.W. Research Design: Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches; Sage Publication: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Youth, R. Population and Sampling: The Rational of Sampling Steps in Sampling, Types in Sampling. Inferential Statistics: A Look ahead the Case Study Approach; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Schrijver, W. How to Estimate Your Population and Survey Sample Size? Available online: https://www.checkmarket.com/2013/02/how-to-estimate-your-population-and-survey-sample-size/ (accessed on 20 November 2014).
- Hoey, B.A. Simple Introduction to Practice of Ethnographic and Guide to Ethnographic Field Notes; Marshall University, Bepress: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Swindale, A.; Bilinsky, P. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI): Washington, DC, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Government of Kenya (GOK). Food Security and Nutrition Strategy; Second Draft; Government Printer: Nairobi, Kenya, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). FAO Support to NEPAD and Its Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA); Viale delle Terme: Rome, Italy, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Grobler, W.C.J. Spending Patterns of Food Insecure Households in Low Income Neighbourhoods in South Africa. Available online: http://www.wbiworldconpro.com/...2013.../1382555073-205-Wynand-pdf (accessed on 23 July 2018).
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Validation of Food Frequency and Dietary Diversity as Proxy Indicators of Household Food Security; World Food Programme; Food Security Analysis Service: Rome, Italy, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID). FFP Indicators Handbook Part 1: Indicators for Baseline and Final Evaluation Survey; Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA III); Connecticut Avenue: Washington, DC, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The State of Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Mannaf, M.; Uddin, M.T. Socioeconomic factors influencing food security status of maize growing households in selected areas of Bogra District. Bangladesh J. Agric. Econ. 2012, 35, 1–2. [Google Scholar]
- Agbola, P.O. Factors influencing food insecurity among small farmers in Nigeria. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2014, 9, 2104–2110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mango, M.; Zamasiya, B.; Makate, C.; Nyikahadzoi, K.; Siziba, S. Factors influencing household food security among smallholder farmers in the Mudzi district of Zimbabwe. Dev. S. Afr. 2014, 31, 625–640. [Google Scholar]
- Zakari, S.; Ying, L.; Songet, B. Factors Influencing Household Food Security in West Africa: The Case of Southern Niger. Sustainability 2014, 6, 1191–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abdullah; Zhou, D.; Shah, T.; Ali, S.; Ahmad, W.; Ud Din, I.; Ilyas, A. Factors affecting household food security in rural northern hinterland of Pakistan. J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Obi, A.; Tafa, S. The Determinants of Household Poverty in South Africa. Afr. Public Serv. Deliv. Perform. Rev. 2016, 4, 516–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sekhampu, T.J. Determinants of the Food Security Status of Households Receiving Government Grants in Kwakwatsi, South Africa. Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci. 2013, 4, 147–153. [Google Scholar]
- Etwire, P.M.; Dogbe, W.; Wiredu, A.N.; Martey, E.; Etwire, E.; Owusul, R.K.; Wahaga, E. Factors Influencing Farmer’s Participation in Agricultural Projects: The Case of the Agricultural Value Chain Mentorship Project in the Northern Region of Ghana; CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute: Legon Uccra, Ghana, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Jacobs, P.T. The status of household food security targets in South Africa. Agrekon 2009, 48, 321–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, P.M.; Butcher, K.F.; Hilary, W.; Hoynes, H.W.; Schanzenbach, D.W. Beyond Income: What Else Predicts Very Low Food Security among Children? Available online: https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/RevisedSEJFinal.pdf (accessed on 23 April 2018).
- Muraoka, R.; Jin, S.; Jayne, T.S. Land Access, Land Rental and Food Security: Evidence from Kenya. In Proceedings of the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s 2014 AAEA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 27–29 July 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Elias, A.; Nohmi, M.; Yasunobi, K.; Ishida, A. Effect of agricultural extension programme on smallholders’ farm productivity: Evidence from three peasant associations in the highlands of Ethiopia. J. Agric. Sci. 2013, 5, 1916–9752. [Google Scholar]
- Adenike, A.A. The Effect of Family Planning Methods on Food Security in Oyo State, Nigeria. J. Life Sci. 2016, 10, 100–112. [Google Scholar]
- Nnadi, F.N.; Akwiwu, C.D. Determinants of youths’ participation in rural agriculture in Imo State, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. 2008, 8, 328–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mark, N.; Coleman-Jensen, A.; Gregory, C. Prevalence of U.S. Food Insecurity Is Related to Changes in Unemployment, Inflation, and the Price of Food; ERR-167; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): Washington, DC, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Kuwornu, J.K.M.; Mensah-Bonsu, A.; Ibrahim, H. Analysis of foodstuff price volatility in Ghana: Implications for food security. Eur. J. Bus. Manag. 2012, 3, 100–118. [Google Scholar]
- Iftikhar, S.; Mahmood, H.Z.; Yildiz, F. Ranking and relationship of agricultural credit with food security: A district level analysis. Cogent Food Agric. 2017, 3, 133242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gebrehiwot, T. Rural Food Security in Tigray, Ethiopia: Policy Impact Evaluation; International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation: Enschede, The Netherlands, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Sikwela, M.M. The Impact of Farmers Support Programmes on Market Access of Smallholder Farmers in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces, South Africa. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Fort Hare Alice, Alice, South Africa, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The Economic Review of Agriculture; Ministry of Agriculture: Nairobi, Kenya, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Arene, C.J.; Anyaeji, J. Determinants of Food Security among Households in Nsukka Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria. Pak. J. Soc. Sci. 2010, 30, 9–16. [Google Scholar]
- Von Fintel, D.; Pienaar, L. Small-Scale Farming and Food Security: The Enabling Role of Cash Transfers in South Africa‘s Former Homelands; Discussion Paper No. 10377; Institute for the Study of Labor: Bonn, Germany, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Department of Labour. 2018 Minimum Wages for Employees in the Farm and Forestry Workers Sectors. Available online: https://www.labourguide.co.za/workshop/1397-2018-farm-and-forestry1/file (accessed on 13 April 2018).
- Musemwa, L.; Zhou, L.; Ndhleve, S.; Aghdasi, F. Factors affecting household access to enough food in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. J. Dev. Agric. Econ. 2013, 4, 84–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biyase, M.; Fisher, B. Determinants of Access to Formal Credit by the Poor Households. Stud. Univ. Babes Bolyai Oeconomica 2017, 62, 50–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Matchaya, G.C.; Chilonda, P. Estimating effects of constraints on food security in Malawi: Policy lessons from regressions quantiles. Appl. Econ. Int. Dev. 2012, 12, 165–190. [Google Scholar]
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The Millennium Development Goals: The Road Ahead; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Reddy, V.; Goga, S.; Timol, F.; Molefi, S.; Mather, A.; Chetty, T.; Wallace, D. Gender, Small-Scale Livestock Farming and Food Security: Policy Implications in the South African Context; HSRC Policy Brief; HSRC: Pretoria, South Africa, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Dube, K. Implications of rural irrigation schemes on household economy. A case of Lower Gweru Irrigation Scheme, Zimbabwe. Services on Demand. S. Afr. J. Agric. Ext. 2016, 44, 75–90. [Google Scholar]
- Gohar, A.A.; Amer, S.A.; Ward, F.A. Irrigation infrastructure and water appropriation rules for food security. J. Hydrol. 2016, 520, 85–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variable | Description | Expected Outcome (+/−) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | Respondent’s age in years (continuous) | − |
Household size | Number of household members (continuous) | +/− |
Household income (US$) | Total household income (continuous) | + |
Farm size | Actual farm size in hectares (continuous) | + |
Gender | Respondent’s sex; 1 = male, 0 = female (categorical-dummy) | +/− |
Marital status | Marital status of respondent; 1 = married, 0 = single (categorical-dummy) | + |
Education status | Whether respondent had received any formal education; 1 = yes, 0 = no (categorical-dummy) | + |
Employment status | Employment status of respondent; 1 = employed, 0 = unemployed (categorical-dummy) | +/− |
Access to credit | Whether the household has access to credit or not; 1 = yes, 0 = no (categorical-dummy) | + |
Practice livestock farming | Whether household practices livestock farming or not; 1 = yes, 0 = no (categorical-dummy) | + |
Receiving infrastructural support (irrigation) | Whether household receives irrigation support or not; 1 = yes, 0 = no (categorical-dummy) | + |
Participation in the “One Home One Garden” programme | Whether a household participated in the “One Home One Garden” programme or not; 1 = yes, 0 = no (categorical-dummy) | + |
“One Home One Garden” Beneficiaries (n = 330) | Non-Beneficiaries (n = 165) | All Households (n = 495) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean | Min | Max | SD | Mean | Min | Max | SD | Mean | Min | Max | SD |
Age (years) | 52.22 | 19 | 86 | 15.63 | 54.86 | 22 | 81 | 12.09 | 53.11 | 19 | 86 | 14.58 |
Household size | 12.42 | 3 | 25 | 4.41 | 11.09 | 3 | 20 | 4.49 | 11.98 | 3 | 25 | 4.481 |
Household income (US$) | 165.23 | 36.58 | 512.07 | 126.79 | 190.97 | 36.58 | 512.07 | 115.04 | 173.80 | 36.57 | 512.07 | 123.48 |
Farm size (hectares) | 6.08 | 2 | 16 | 3.27 | 6.21 | 1 | 34 | 4.33 | 6.12 | 1 | 34 | 3.66 |
Variable | Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | |||||||||
Gender_Female | 89.39 | 87.27 | 88.5 | |||||||||
Male | 10.61 | 12.73 | 11.5 | |||||||||
Marital status_Single | 49.09 | 46.66 | 49.7 | |||||||||
Married | 50.91 | 53.34 | 50.3 | |||||||||
Education status_No formal education | 4.86 | 12.73 | 7.5 | |||||||||
Formal education | 95.14 | 87.27 | 92.5 | |||||||||
Employment status_Unemployed | 100.0 | 95.75 | 98.58 | |||||||||
Employed | - | 4.24 | 1.42 | |||||||||
Access to credit_No | 93.03 | 100 | 95.35 | |||||||||
Yes | 6.97 | - | 4.65 | |||||||||
Practice livestock farming_No | 44.24 | 38 | 43.4 | |||||||||
Yes | 55.75 | 61.81 | 56.6 | |||||||||
Receiving infrastructural support (irrigation)_No | 66.36 | 100 | 77.6 | |||||||||
Yes | 33.64 | - | 22.4 | |||||||||
Participation in the “One Home One Garden” programme_No | - | 100 | 33.33 | |||||||||
Yes | 100 | - | 66.67 |
Primary Source of Obtaining Food | “One Home One Garden” Beneficiaries (n = 330) | Non-Beneficiaries (n = 165) | All Households (n = 495) |
---|---|---|---|
Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | |
Own agricultural production including gathering, hunting, and fishing | 16.96 | 5.45 | 13.13 |
Market purchase | 6.36 | 3.63 | 5.45 |
Own agricultural production and market purchase | 30 | 10.90 | 23.64 |
Own agricultural production, market purchase, and borrowing | 3.64 | 6.06 | 4.44 |
Government social grants | 43.04 | 73.93 | 53.33 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Food Type | “One Home One Garden” Beneficiaries (n = 330) | Non-Beneficiaries (n = 165) | All Households (n = 495) |
---|---|---|---|
Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | |
Maize meal | 82.3 | 92.5 | 85.7 |
Beans | 71.5 | 89.6 | 77.5 |
Onion | 23.1 | 7.5 | 17.90 |
Red meat | 35.2 | 25.7 | 32.03 |
Poultry meat | 41.0 | 39.9 | 40.63 |
Fish | 16.9 | 8.11 | 13,97 |
Rice | 69.5 | 59.03 | 66.01 |
Cabbage | 38.9 | 2.9 | 26.90 |
Fruits | 19.0 | 3.5 | 13.83 |
Eggs | 44.2 | 38.7 | 42.37 |
Spinach | 11.1 | 2.12 | 8,11 |
Potatoes | 62.7 | 52.1 | 59.17 |
Sweet potatoes | 9.4 | 11.0 | 9.93 |
Amadumbes | 13.2 | 21.9 | 16.10 |
Milk | 60.8 | 44.5 | 55.37 |
Butternut | 3.5 | 4.15 | 3.72 |
Carrots | 2.9 | 2.19 | 2.66 |
Fats oils | 61.9 | 51.10 | 58.30 |
Sugar | 60.1 | 50.00 | 56.73 |
Average HDDS | 4.89 | 4.22 | 4.67 |
Household Food Consumption SCORE (HFCS) Category | “One Home One Garden” Beneficiaries (n = 330) | Non-Beneficiaries (n = 165) | All Households (n = 495) |
---|---|---|---|
Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | Percentage (%) | |
0 < 21 (poor) | 1.5 | 10.90 | 4.64 |
21.5 < 35 (borderline) | 33.3 | 53.93 | 40.21 |
≥35 (acceptable) | 65.2 | 35.15 | 55.15 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Variable | “One Home One Garden” Beneficiaries (n = 330) | Non-Beneficiaries (n = 165) | All Households (n = 495) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson Correlation (r) | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | Pearson Correlation (r) | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | Pearson Correlation (r) | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | |
Age (years) | −0.050 | 0.368 | −0.089 | 0.256 | −0.028 | 0.529 |
Household size | −0.111 ** | 0.044 | −0.090 | 0.250 | −0.142 *** | 0.002 |
Household income (US$) | −0.266 *** | 0.000 | −0.109 | 0.165 | −0.157 *** | 0.000 |
Farm size | 0.028 | 0.616 | 0.038 | 0.628 | 0.037 | 0.411 |
Gender | −0.078 | 0.156 | −0.043 | 0.583 | −0.050 | 0.263 |
Marital status | 0.060 | 0.280 | −0.027 | 0.727 | 0.046 | 0.305 |
Education status | −0.164 *** | 0.003 | −0.030 | 0.704 | −0.136 *** | 0.002 |
Employment status | .c | - | −0.024 | 0.763 | −0.330 *** | 0.000 |
Access to credit | 0.285 *** | 0.000 | −0.075 | 0.338 | 0.176 *** | 0.000 |
Practice livestock farming | 0.019 | 0.729 | −0.075 | 0.338 | −0.012 | 0.782 |
Receiving infrastructural support (irrigation) | −0.250 *** | 0.000 | .c | - | −0.286 *** | 0.000 |
Participation in the “One Home One Garden” programme | .c | - | .c | - | −0.337 *** | 0.000 |
Variable | B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% C.I. for EXP(B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Constant | −1.743 | 0.639 | 7.454 | 1 | 0.006 | 0.175 | ||
Household size | −0.039 | 0.027 | 2.147 | 1 | 0.143 | 0.962 | 0.913 | 1.013 |
Household income (US$) | −0.004 | 0.001 | 15.233 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.996 *** | 0.993 | 0.998 |
Education | 0.817 | 0.389 | 4.409 | 1 | 0.036 | 2.264 ** | 1.056 | 4.856 |
Access to credit | −0.733 | 0.232 | 10.015 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.481 *** | 0.305 | 0.757 |
Receiving infrastructural support (irrigation) | 1.886 | 0.543 | 12.083 | 1 | 0.001 | 6.591 *** | 2.277 | 19.102 |
Participation in the “One Home One Garden” programme | 1.259 | 0.247 | 26.032 | 1 | 0.000 | 3.522 *** | 2.172 | 5.713 |
2 Log likelihood | 466.877 a | |||||||
Cox and Snell R Square | 0.204 | |||||||
Nagelkerke R Square | 0.296 | |||||||
LR Chi2(8) | 15.824 (p = 0.045) | |||||||
Overall correct prediction | 73.5 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ngema, P.Z.; Sibanda, M.; Musemwa, L. Household Food Security Status and Its Determinants in Maphumulo Local Municipality, South Africa. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093307
Ngema PZ, Sibanda M, Musemwa L. Household Food Security Status and Its Determinants in Maphumulo Local Municipality, South Africa. Sustainability. 2018; 10(9):3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093307
Chicago/Turabian StyleNgema, Primrose Zama, Melusi Sibanda, and Lovemore Musemwa. 2018. "Household Food Security Status and Its Determinants in Maphumulo Local Municipality, South Africa" Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093307
APA StyleNgema, P. Z., Sibanda, M., & Musemwa, L. (2018). Household Food Security Status and Its Determinants in Maphumulo Local Municipality, South Africa. Sustainability, 10(9), 3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093307