Identification of Quality Failures in Building Energy Renovation Projects in Northern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Definitions of Quality and Quality Failures
2.2. Previous Studies on Quality Failures
2.3. Main Characteristics of Energy-Saving Renovations of Existing Residential Buildings in China
2.3.1. Responsibilities of Main Stakeholders
2.3.2. Renovation Processes
2.3.3. Construction Steps
3. Methodology
3.1. Step 1—Case Studies
3.2. Step 2—Expert Interviews
3.3. Step 3—Questionnaire Survey
3.4. Fuzzy-Set Evaluation Method
4. Results
4.1. Identified Quality Failures In Building Energy Renovations in Northern China
4.2. Sources of Quality Failures
4.3. Occurrence Frequency of Quality Failures
4.4. Causes of Quality Failures
4.5. Impacts and Causes of Quality Failures
5. Indications of Causes
5.1. Worker’s Default
5.2. Lack of Experienced Project Managers
5.3. Inadequate Checking Procedures by Supervisors
5.4. Incomplete Construction Site Survey and Inaccurate Design Work
5.5. Fraud of Construction Companies
5.6. Inefficient Cooperation in Different Departments
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NO. | Contract Value | Building Floor Area (m2) | Building Age | Construction Period (Days) | Technology | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.5 million RMB (1.2 million Euros) | 45,800 | 2006–2008 | 300 | Window: install double glass windows; Roof: install EPS; External wall: install EPS | Ongoing |
2 | 11 million RMB (1.3 million Euros) | 52,086 | 2000–2003 | 320 | Window: install double glass windows; Roof: install EPS; External wall: install EPS | Completed |
3 | 5.5 million RMB (0.7 million Euros) | 24,900 | 1999–2002 | 120 | Window: install double glass windows; Roof: install EPS; External wall: install EPS | Ongoing |
4 | 15.1 million RMB (1.9 million Euros) | 77,738 | 1996–1999 | 320 | Window: install double glass windows; Roof: install EPS; External wall: install EPS | Completed |
5 | 12 million RMB (1.5 million Euros) | 55,620 | 2000–2003 | 320 | Window: install double glass windows; Roof: install EPS; External wall: install EPS | Completed |
Items | Standards |
---|---|
Doors and windows replacement | |
Heat-transfer coefficient | 2.6 W/(m2·K) or lower |
Air ventilation rate | 2.5 m3/(m2h) or lower |
Roof thermal insulation | |
Material | Expanded polystyrene (EPS) |
Bulk density | 25 kg/m3 or higher |
Heat-transfer coefficient | 0.25 W/(m2·K) or lower |
Thermal conductivity of the insulation | 0.041 W/(m·K) or lower |
Tensile strength | 0.10 MPa or higher |
Compressive strength | 100 kPa or higher |
Dimensional stability | 0.3% or lower |
External wall thermal insulation | |
Material | Expanded polystyrene (EPS) |
Bulk density | 20 kg/m3 or higher |
Heat-transfer coefficient | 0.4 W/(m2·K) or lower |
Thermal conductivity of the insulation | 0.037 W/(m·K) or lower |
Tensile strength | 0.20 MPa or higher |
Compressive strength | 140 kPa or higher |
Dimensional stability | 0.3% or lower |
Cases | Cd. | Profile |
---|---|---|
1 | 1 | Officer of Hohhot housing security and housing authority |
2 | Project manager of a Construction company | |
3 | Construction company | |
4 | Designer of a Design Company | |
2 | 5 | Officer of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Building Energy Efficiency Evaluation Station |
6 | Construction manager of a Construction company | |
7 | Supervisor of a Supervision Company | |
3 | 8 | Officer of Department of housing and urban–rural development in Inner Mongolia |
9 | Project manager of a Construction company | |
10 | Supervisor of a Supervision Company | |
4 | 11 | Officer of Hohhot housing security and housing authority |
12 | Project manager of a Construction company | |
13 | Supervisor of a Supervision Company | |
5 | 14 | Project manager of a Construction company |
15 | Supervisor of a Supervision Company | |
16 | Designer of a Design Company |
Technology Measurements | No. | Quality Failures | Cases (No.) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
Door and window (D) | D1 | Incorrect installation of the steel nails | √ | √ | √ | ||
D2 | Incorrect size of the new window frame and door frame | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
D3 | Misalignment between the new doors and windows and the wall | √ | √ | √ | |||
D4 | The untreated wall around the new windows | √ | √ | ||||
Roof (R) | R1 | Missing vapor barriers | √ | ||||
R2 | Non-specified fire resistance of EPS boards | √ | √ | ||||
R3 | Non-specified volume-weight and thickness of EPS boards | √ | |||||
R4 | Adhesive area problems | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
R5 | The detachment between the different EPS boards | √ | √ | ||||
R6 | Cracks of the roof leveling blanket | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
R7 | The detachment of waterproof roof layer | √ | √ | ||||
R8 | Misalignment of the waterproof roof layer | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
R9 | Cracks of roof concrete | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
External wall (E) | E1 | Uncleaned wall | √ | √ | |||
E2 | Missing interface treating mortar | √ | √ | √ | |||
E3 | Unacceptable levelness of the control wire | √ | |||||
E4 | Non-specified fire resistance of EPS boards | √ | √ | ||||
E5 | Non-specified volume-weight and thickness of EPS boards | √ | |||||
E6 | Adhesive area problems | √ | √ | √ | |||
E7 | The detachment between the different EPS boards | √ | |||||
E8 | Missing rivets | √ | √ | ||||
E9 | Non-specified rivets | √ | |||||
E10 | Incorrect drilling | √ | |||||
E11 | Non-specified anti-crack mortar | √ | |||||
E12 | Non-specified nylon net | √ |
Technology Measurements | No. | Quality Failures | Construction Steps |
---|---|---|---|
Door and window | D1 | Incorrect installation of the steel nails | Install new doors and windows |
D2 | Incorrect size of the new window frame and door frame | ||
D3 | Misalignment between the new doors and windows and the wall | ||
D4 | The untreated wall around the new windows | Decorate doors and windows all around | |
Roof | R1 | Missing vapor barriers | Paint moisture barrier |
R2 | Non-specified fire resistance of EPS boards | Install thermal insulation materials | |
R3 | Non-specified volume-weight and thickness of EPS boards | ||
R4 | Adhesive area problems | Paint adhesive materials | |
R5 | The detachment between the different EPS boards | Install thermal insulation materials | |
R6 | Cracks of the roof leveling blanket | Paint cement mortar leveling blanket | |
R7 | The detachment of waterproof roof layer | Waterproof the roof | |
R8 | Misalignment of the waterproof roof layer | ||
R9 | Cracks of roof concrete | Paint protection layer | |
External wall | E1 | Uncleaned wall | Clean original external wall |
E2 | Missing interface treating mortar | Install thermal insulation materials | |
E3 | Unacceptable levelness of the control wire | Hang control wire | |
E4 | Non-specified fire resistance of EPS boards | Install thermal insulation materials | |
E5 | Non-specified volume-weight and thickness of EPS boards | ||
E6 | Adhesive area problems | ||
E7 | The detachment between the different EPS boards | Fill gaps between different EPS boards | |
E8 | Missing rivets | Install mechanical fixings | |
E9 | Non-specified rivets | ||
E10 | Incorrect drilling | ||
E11 | Non-specified anti-crack mortar | Paint anti-crack mortar | |
E12 | Non-specified nylon net | Hang nylon netting or steel wire mesh |
No. | Quality Failures | The Percentage of Respondents on Linguistic Variables | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very High | High | Moderate | Low | Very Low | Total | ||
D1 | Incorrect installation of the steel nails | 3.0 | 14.0 | 29.0 | 42.0 | 12.0 | 100.0 |
D2 | Incorrect size of new window frame and door frame | 5.0 | 30.0 | 18.0 | 25.0 | 22.0 | 100.0 |
D3 | Misalignment between the new doors and windows and the wall | 1.0 | 10.0 | 27.0 | 36.0 | 26.0 | 100.0 |
D4 | Untreated wall around the new windows | 8.0 | 12.0 | 21.0 | 37.0 | 22.0 | 100.0 |
R1 | Missing vapor barriers | 3.0 | 10.0 | 24.0 | 27.0 | 36.0 | 100.0 |
R2 | Non-specified fire resistance of EPS boards | 8.0 | 11.0 | 29.0 | 27.0 | 25.0 | 100.0 |
R3 | Non-specified volume-weight and thickness of EPS boards | 7.0 | 12.0 | 16.0 | 40.0 | 25.0 | 100.0 |
R4 | Adhesive area problems | 4.0 | 12.0 | 25.0 | 27.0 | 32.0 | 100.0 |
R5 | Detachment between the different EPS boards | 4.0 | 13.0 | 32.0 | 29.0 | 22.0 | 100.0 |
R6 | Cracks of the roof levelling blanket | 10.0 | 8.0 | 27.0 | 28.0 | 27.0 | 100.0 |
R7 | Detachment of roof waterproof layer | 3.0 | 9.0 | 28.0 | 42.0 | 18.0 | 100.0 |
R8 | Misalignment of roof waterproof layer | 5.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 22.0 | 23.0 | 100.0 |
R9 | Cracks of roof concrete | 4.0 | 18.0 | 28.0 | 27.0 | 23.0 | 100.0 |
E1 | Uncleaned wall | 3.0 | 15.0 | 34.0 | 32.0 | 16.0 | 100.0 |
E2 | Missing interface treating mortar | 5.0 | 21.0 | 26.0 | 30.0 | 18.0 | 100.0 |
E3 | Unacceptable levelness of the control wire | 2.0 | 12.0 | 24.0 | 35.0 | 27.0 | 100.0 |
E4 | Non-specified fire resistance of EPS boards | 7.0 | 10.0 | 25.0 | 32.0 | 26.0 | 100.0 |
E5 | Non-specified volume-weight and thickness of EPS boards | 4.0 | 14.0 | 20.0 | 34.0 | 28.0 | 100.0 |
E6 | Adhesive area problems | 4.0 | 9.0 | 23.0 | 37.0 | 27.0 | 100.0 |
E7 | Detachment between the different EPS boards | 4.0 | 10.0 | 29.0 | 34.0 | 23.0 | 100.0 |
E8 | Missing rivets | 5.0 | 10.0 | 34.0 | 31.0 | 20.0 | 100.0 |
E9 | Non-specified rivets | 5.0 | 12.0 | 20.0 | 38.0 | 25.0 | 100.0 |
E10 | Incorrect drilling | 4.0 | 10.0 | 25.0 | 39.0 | 22.0 | 100.0 |
E11 | Non-specified anti-crack mortar | 4.0 | 14.0 | 21.0 | 39.0 | 22.0 | 100.0 |
E12 | Non-specified nylon net | 7.0 | 11.0 | 18.0 | 38.0 | 26.0 | 100.0 |
No. | Quality Failures | Mean | SD | n(xi) |
---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | Incorrect installation of the steel nails | 2.554 | 0.987 | 0.713 |
D2 | Incorrect size of new window frame and door frame | 2.717 | 1.252 | 0.717 |
D3 | Misalignment between the new doors and windows and the wall | 2.239 | 0.987 | 0.596 |
D4 | Untreated wall around the new windows | 2.467 | 1.181 | 0.654 |
R1 | Missing vapor barriers | 2.174 | 1.125 | 0.562 |
R2 | Non-specified fire resistance of EPS boards | 2.489 | 1.200 | 0.658 |
R3 | Non-specified volume-weight and thickness of EPS boards | 2.348 | 1.171 | 0.617 |
R4 | Adhesive area problems | 2.304 | 1.165 | 0.603 |
R5 | Detachment between the different EPS boards | 2.489 | 1.104 | 0.671 |
R6 | Cracks of the roof leveling blanket | 2.446 | 1.244 | 0.640 |
R7 | Detachment of roof waterproof layer | 2.370 | 0.991 | 0.646 |
R8 | Misalignment of roof waterproof layer | 2.685 | 1.231 | 0.711 |
R9 | Cracks of roof concrete | 2.543 | 1.162 | 0.680 |
E1 | Uncleaned wall | 2.576 | 1.040 | 0.710 |
E2 | Missing interface treating mortar | 2.663 | 1.151 | 0.718 |
E3 | Unacceptable levelness of the control wire | 2.272 | 1.060 | 0.601 |
E4 | Non-specified fire resistance of EPS boards | 2.391 | 1.167 | 0.631 |
E5 | Non-specified volume-weight and thickness of EPS boards | 2.326 | 1.159 | 0.611 |
E6 | Adhesive area problems | 2.261 | 1.088 | 0.595 |
E7 | Detachment between the different EPS boards | 2.391 | 1.079 | 0.642 |
E8 | Missing rivets | 2.500 | 1.084 | 0.678 |
E9 | Non-specified rivets | 2.348 | 1.143 | 0.620 |
E10 | Incorrect drilling | 2.359 | 1.065 | 0.632 |
E11 | Non-specified anti-crack mortar | 2.402 | 1.110 | 0.641 |
E12 | Non-specified nylon net | 2.337 | 1.170 | 0.613 |
Quality Failures | Causes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Code | Stakeholders | Renovation Processes | Explanations | |
Incorrect installation of the steel nails (D1) | D1-1 | Design companies | Survey and design | Design companies do not mention the sizes of steel nails in design documents. |
D1-2 | Workers | Construction | Workers make errors in choosing sizes of steel nails. | |
Incorrect size of the new window frame and door frame (D2) | D2-1 | Project managers; Designers | Survey and design; Construction design | Since there are no details on the design documents and construction plans, the investigation of the construction site is insufficient. |
D2-2 | Supervisors | Construction design | Supervision companies do not check the construction plan. | |
D2-3 | Workers | Construction design | Workers make errors in measuring and recording the size of the doors and windows. | |
D2-4 | Construction companies | Construction design | Deferent construction departments have ineffective communication on the information of the size of the doors and windows. | |
The untreated wall around the new windows (D4) | D4-1 | Construction companies | Construction design | Construction departments lack effective communication on the responsibilities of the external wall treatment. |
D4-2 | Supervisors | Construction | Supervision companies supervise insufficiently. | |
D4-3 | Workers | Construction | On-site workers ignore this construction step. | |
Non-specified fire resistance of EPS boards (R2) | R2-1 | Construction companies | Construction | Construction companies cut corners by cheating in work. |
R2-2 | Supervisors | Construction | Supervision companies supervise insufficiently. | |
The detachment between the different EPS boards (R5) | R5-1 | Workers | Construction | Workers make errors on the treatment of gaps between the different EPS boards. |
Misalignment of the waterproof roof layer (R8) | R8-1 | Workers | Construction design | The workers lack experience on waterproof the roof in building energy renovations. |
R8-2 | Project managers | Construction design | Project managers do not emphasize to workers the knowledge of the waterproof. | |
R8-3 | Workers | Construction | In order to speed up, workers ignore checking the waterproof. | |
R8-4 | Workers | Construction | It is a challenge to control construction temperature for workers lacking operation skills. | |
Cracks of roof concrete (R9) | R9-1 | Project managers | Construction design | Project managers lack the knowledge about the proportion of concrete materials. |
R9-2 | Workers | Construction | Workers make errors on the construction flow of mixing concrete. | |
R9-3 | Supervisors | Construction | Supervisors check the mix-concrete insufficiently. | |
R9-4 | / | / | Low solar energy and temperature cause concrete cracks. | |
Uncleaned wall (E1) | E1-1 | Project managers | Construction design | Project managers do not provide critical points in quality control. |
E1-2 | Supervisors | Construction design | Supervisors ignore to check the external wall clearing. | |
E1-3 | Workers | Construction | Workers skip this procedure in order to reduce cost and time. | |
E1-4 | Project managers | Construction | There are no details about wall cleaning in the construction plan. | |
Missing interface treating mortar (E2) | E2-1 | Construction companies | Construction | Construction companies cut corners by cheating in work. |
E2-2 | Workers | Construction | In order to speed up, workers ignore interface treating mortar | |
Missing rivets (E8) | E8-1 | Construction companies | Construction | Construction companies change design documents unauthorized |
E8-2 | Supervisors | Construction | Supervision companies do not check the mechanical fixings carefully. |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Qi, Y.; Qian, Q.K.; Meijer, F.M.; Visscher, H.J. Identification of Quality Failures in Building Energy Renovation Projects in Northern China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4203. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154203
Qi Y, Qian QK, Meijer FM, Visscher HJ. Identification of Quality Failures in Building Energy Renovation Projects in Northern China. Sustainability. 2019; 11(15):4203. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154203
Chicago/Turabian StyleQi, Yuting, Queena K. Qian, Frits M. Meijer, and Henk J. Visscher. 2019. "Identification of Quality Failures in Building Energy Renovation Projects in Northern China" Sustainability 11, no. 15: 4203. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154203