The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- how the integrated management is applied in the legislation and to the development documents in Slovakia;
- how the representatives of municipalities perceive the integrated approach to landscape management;
- how the scientific knowledge on the principles of ILM are transformed into the real practice of spatial planning documentation.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Analysis of Institutional Tools for ILM—Legal Tools and Strategic Development Documents
- a)
- Act No. 50/1976 Zb. on territorial planning and building order (Building Act), according to the wording of the Act of National Council of the SR (further NC SR) No. 237/2000 Z.z., as well as the wording of provisions issued during this period as Acts of NC SR No. 103/1990, No. 262/1992.
- b)
- Act of the Slovak National Council No. 330/1991 Zb. on land consolidation, land ownership, land offices, land pool, and land associations (in the wording of later issued provisions, for instance, in wording of the Act of the SNC No. 323/1992 Zb., Acts of the NC SR No. 187/1993 Z.z., and No. 549/2004 Z.z.
- c)
- Act of the NC SR No. 543/2002 Z.z. about nature and landscape protection in the wording of later issued provisions.
- d)
- Act of the NC SR No. 245/2003 Z.z. about integrated prevention and control of the environmental pollution and about the amendment of certain laws in the wording of later issued provisions.
- e)
- Act No. 364/2004 Z.z. about waters (Water Law) and about the amendment of Act of SNC No. č 372/1990 about infringements in the wording of later issued provisions.
- f)
- Act of the NC SR No. 24/2006 Z.z. about environmental impact assessment in the wording of later issued provisions.
- g)
- Act of the NC SR No. 3/2010 Z.z. about a national infrastructure for spatial information.
- h)
- Act of the NC SR No. 7/2010 Z.z. about flood defence.
- i)
- Act of the NC SR No. 326/2005 Z.z. on forests as amended.
- j)
- Act of the NC SR No. 39/2013 Z.z. about integrated prevention and control of environmental pollution and about the amendment of certain laws.
- a)
- National Strategy for Biodiversity Protection;
- b)
- Concept of Territorial Development on the level of Slovakia, and on regional and local levels;
- c)
- Territorial planning documentation;
- d)
- Landscape ecological documentation—landscape plans and projects of territorial system of ecological stability on regional and local levels;
- e)
- Economic and social development strategies.
2.2. The Participatory Approach to ILM—the Attitude of Representatives of Regional and Local Administrations to ILM
2.3. The Development of a Landscape Ecological Plan in the Model Area of the Klátovské rameno National Nature Reserve
- a)
- Properties of the landscape—abiotic, biotic, socio-economic—which are represented by synthetic units—landscape ecological complexes (LECs). The LECs are the result of extensive landscape ecological analyses and syntheses. Types of LECs are defined by a combination of relevant natural and socio-economic indicators and have real spatial expression on maps. The spatial synthesis of LECs was realized by GIS applications. An example of landscape ecological complexes as basic operating units for decision-making processes is shown in Figure 1.
- b)
- Proposed activities and land use reflect the requirements of communities.
3. Results
3.1. Chosen Aspects of the Institutional Tools for ILM
- All activities may take place in the same landscape, but they are in conflict; therefore, they need an integrated approach;
- If an activity harms one component of the landscape, the other components and the overall functioning, ecological balance, and stability of the landscape are endangered. On the other hand, an optimal measure applied to protect the landscape as a whole may protect all other individual components.
- Act No. 3/2010 on the national infrastructure for spatial information
- the definition of the landscape ecological base for integrated management in Act No. 7/2010 on flood prevention
- The Nature and Landscape Conservation, executed according to Act No. 543/2002
- Land arrangement and consolidation projecting, executed according to Act No. 330/1991
- Forestry planning, executed according to Act No. 326/2005
- Water planning and watershed management, executed according to Act No. 364/2004
- Flood-protection management, executed according to Act No. 7/2010.
- Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control, executed according to Act No. 39/2013,
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment, (SEA) executed according to Act No. 24/2006.
3.2. The Attitude of Representatives of Regional and Local Administrations to ILM—A Participatory Approach to ILM
3.3. Landscape Ecological Plan in the Model Area of the Klátovské rameno National Nature Reserve
- Increasing the share of protective forests with extensive management in order to protect ecological network elements—biocentres and biocorridors.
- Increasing the share of linear and areal nonforest vegetation, which, in many cases, create the base for local biocentres and biocorridors, such as waterside vegetation, ecostabilizing vegetation, groves, and increasing the share of protective vegetation in the vicinity of industrial buildings, transport lines, as well as vegetation creating biocorridors and windbreaks.
- Increase of the proportion of the vegetation in residential areas, especially park vegetation, which will contribute to the improvement of the coefficient of ecological stability in individual municipalities of the region.
- Proposal for a new land parcelling—reduction of arable land parcel size, preference for small-scale parcels, fragmentation of the arable land.
- Proposal for a change in the management of the agricultural land fund: specific measures were proposed with regard to the protection of soil and water resources and with regard to the needs of nature protection, as well as measures for the proper exploitation of contaminated soils.
- Proposal to change or suspend intensive cultivation of the agricultural land in the immediate vicinity of the flows and river arms nearer to the waterside than 30 m, and consequently the conversion of this area to permanent grassland, which should be regularly cut. Another possibility is the afforestation of the area with native tree species or a combination of grassland and afforestation.
- Proposal for regulation of agrochemicals near the watersides and in other areas with intensive percolation. We proposed to completely exclude the use of inorganic and liquid organic fertilizers and we recommended biological forms of farming, e.g., green fertilization.
- Proposal for the renewal of forest management plans (FMP) due to forestry activities. The FMP should prescribe the mode of timber harvesting, other removals of woods, landscaping, and restricting the spread of invasive plant species in protected areas. We recommend ensuring indirect recovery by restoring the composition of species with predominant, even 100% representation of the gray poplar (Populus canescens). Furthermore, we recommend that the forest status of legally defined “productive” forests should be transferred to the status of “special purpose” forests.
- Removal of auxiliary plant species by regular and controlled cutting, which contributes to the preservation of native habitats.
- Maintenance of old tree vegetation (head willows) in order to preserve the suitable trophic and topical conditions for animals that are bound to them (invertebrates, cavity nesting animals, some species of mammals, fungi).
- Regular mowing of grassland is essential in order to preserve their character as a nesting site for aquatic and wetland birds.
- Management of littoral vegetation: regular mowing of shores (reeds and bulrushes) on adjacent land.
- Grazing and combined grazing with mowing in meadows to maintain the character of these habitats.
- Measures to prevent shore abrasion by planting at least a 10 m wide strip of woody vegetation composed of indigenous species characteristic of the site.
- Proposal to eliminate the impact of stress factors on groundwater. A thorough review of the impact of industrial and agricultural operations is necessary. This includes regulation of the concentration of livestock production, improvement of the farmyards whose technical conditions do not adhere to hygiene principles, completion of silage pits and unpaved field fertilizer storages, and regulation of the use of agrochemicals.
- In addition, it is necessary to investigate the impact of landfills on groundwater, to eliminate illegal dumps, to ensure the regular collection of municipal waste, and to prevent the establishment of unorganized landfills.
- It is also necessary to prevent groundwater degradation by leakage from nonwatertight cesspits, to ensure the construction of a public sewerage system connected to the sewage tank, and to review the current state of the sewerage system in the area.
- Further proposals concern the regulation of the use of water areas with regard to the needs of nature protection and the need to protect the soil fund.
- The above-listed landscape ecological regulations resulting from the landscape plan are prepared to be incorporated into the respective sections of the land use plans.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The goal of ILM should be the ecologically optimal organization, utilization, and protection of the landscape (land resources) that harmonizes the spatial requirements of all human activities with conditions of the territory provided by the landscape structure. The decisions on land use from the point of view of one sector without taking into account the needs of other sectors, and, in particular, the necessity of the protection of natural resources, are not eligible.
- The decision-making process must consider all the characteristics of the landscape in the entire territory. Therefore, the ecologically optimal organization, utilization, and protection of the landscape must be based on complex systematic research of the landscape. The basic optimal operational units for the evaluation of the potential use should be the landscape ecological complexes (types of landscape), defined according to the properties of the components of the landscape. The landscape ecological conditions should be accepted as limits and regulations in spatial planning, as well as in the sectoral plans and documentations.
- Methods for implementation of scientific ILM into physical planning (in Slovakia, named territorial planning), as well as into sectoral planning tools, should be permanently innovated [63].
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Izakovičová, Z.; Miklós, L.; Miklósová, V.; Petrovič, F. The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174554
Izakovičová Z, Miklós L, Miklósová V, Petrovič F. The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia. Sustainability. 2019; 11(17):4554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174554
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzakovičová, Zita, László Miklós, Viktória Miklósová, and František Petrovič. 2019. "The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia" Sustainability 11, no. 17: 4554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174554
APA StyleIzakovičová, Z., Miklós, L., Miklósová, V., & Petrovič, F. (2019). The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia. Sustainability, 11(17), 4554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174554