The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- how the integrated management is applied in the legislation and to the development documents in Slovakia;
- how the representatives of municipalities perceive the integrated approach to landscape management;
- how the scientific knowledge on the principles of ILM are transformed into the real practice of spatial planning documentation.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Analysis of Institutional Tools for ILM—Legal Tools and Strategic Development Documents
- a)
- Act No. 50/1976 Zb. on territorial planning and building order (Building Act), according to the wording of the Act of National Council of the SR (further NC SR) No. 237/2000 Z.z., as well as the wording of provisions issued during this period as Acts of NC SR No. 103/1990, No. 262/1992.
- b)
- Act of the Slovak National Council No. 330/1991 Zb. on land consolidation, land ownership, land offices, land pool, and land associations (in the wording of later issued provisions, for instance, in wording of the Act of the SNC No. 323/1992 Zb., Acts of the NC SR No. 187/1993 Z.z., and No. 549/2004 Z.z.
- c)
- Act of the NC SR No. 543/2002 Z.z. about nature and landscape protection in the wording of later issued provisions.
- d)
- Act of the NC SR No. 245/2003 Z.z. about integrated prevention and control of the environmental pollution and about the amendment of certain laws in the wording of later issued provisions.
- e)
- Act No. 364/2004 Z.z. about waters (Water Law) and about the amendment of Act of SNC No. č 372/1990 about infringements in the wording of later issued provisions.
- f)
- Act of the NC SR No. 24/2006 Z.z. about environmental impact assessment in the wording of later issued provisions.
- g)
- Act of the NC SR No. 3/2010 Z.z. about a national infrastructure for spatial information.
- h)
- Act of the NC SR No. 7/2010 Z.z. about flood defence.
- i)
- Act of the NC SR No. 326/2005 Z.z. on forests as amended.
- j)
- Act of the NC SR No. 39/2013 Z.z. about integrated prevention and control of environmental pollution and about the amendment of certain laws.
- a)
- National Strategy for Biodiversity Protection;
- b)
- Concept of Territorial Development on the level of Slovakia, and on regional and local levels;
- c)
- Territorial planning documentation;
- d)
- Landscape ecological documentation—landscape plans and projects of territorial system of ecological stability on regional and local levels;
- e)
- Economic and social development strategies.
2.2. The Participatory Approach to ILM—the Attitude of Representatives of Regional and Local Administrations to ILM
2.3. The Development of a Landscape Ecological Plan in the Model Area of the Klátovské rameno National Nature Reserve
- a)
- Properties of the landscape—abiotic, biotic, socio-economic—which are represented by synthetic units—landscape ecological complexes (LECs). The LECs are the result of extensive landscape ecological analyses and syntheses. Types of LECs are defined by a combination of relevant natural and socio-economic indicators and have real spatial expression on maps. The spatial synthesis of LECs was realized by GIS applications. An example of landscape ecological complexes as basic operating units for decision-making processes is shown in Figure 1.
- b)
- Proposed activities and land use reflect the requirements of communities.
3. Results
3.1. Chosen Aspects of the Institutional Tools for ILM
- All activities may take place in the same landscape, but they are in conflict; therefore, they need an integrated approach;
- If an activity harms one component of the landscape, the other components and the overall functioning, ecological balance, and stability of the landscape are endangered. On the other hand, an optimal measure applied to protect the landscape as a whole may protect all other individual components.
- Act No. 3/2010 on the national infrastructure for spatial information
- the definition of the landscape ecological base for integrated management in Act No. 7/2010 on flood prevention
- The Nature and Landscape Conservation, executed according to Act No. 543/2002
- Land arrangement and consolidation projecting, executed according to Act No. 330/1991
- Forestry planning, executed according to Act No. 326/2005
- Water planning and watershed management, executed according to Act No. 364/2004
- Flood-protection management, executed according to Act No. 7/2010.
- Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control, executed according to Act No. 39/2013,
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment, (SEA) executed according to Act No. 24/2006.
3.2. The Attitude of Representatives of Regional and Local Administrations to ILM—A Participatory Approach to ILM
3.3. Landscape Ecological Plan in the Model Area of the Klátovské rameno National Nature Reserve
- Increasing the share of protective forests with extensive management in order to protect ecological network elements—biocentres and biocorridors.
- Increasing the share of linear and areal nonforest vegetation, which, in many cases, create the base for local biocentres and biocorridors, such as waterside vegetation, ecostabilizing vegetation, groves, and increasing the share of protective vegetation in the vicinity of industrial buildings, transport lines, as well as vegetation creating biocorridors and windbreaks.
- Increase of the proportion of the vegetation in residential areas, especially park vegetation, which will contribute to the improvement of the coefficient of ecological stability in individual municipalities of the region.
- Proposal for a new land parcelling—reduction of arable land parcel size, preference for small-scale parcels, fragmentation of the arable land.
- Proposal for a change in the management of the agricultural land fund: specific measures were proposed with regard to the protection of soil and water resources and with regard to the needs of nature protection, as well as measures for the proper exploitation of contaminated soils.
- Proposal to change or suspend intensive cultivation of the agricultural land in the immediate vicinity of the flows and river arms nearer to the waterside than 30 m, and consequently the conversion of this area to permanent grassland, which should be regularly cut. Another possibility is the afforestation of the area with native tree species or a combination of grassland and afforestation.
- Proposal for regulation of agrochemicals near the watersides and in other areas with intensive percolation. We proposed to completely exclude the use of inorganic and liquid organic fertilizers and we recommended biological forms of farming, e.g., green fertilization.
- Proposal for the renewal of forest management plans (FMP) due to forestry activities. The FMP should prescribe the mode of timber harvesting, other removals of woods, landscaping, and restricting the spread of invasive plant species in protected areas. We recommend ensuring indirect recovery by restoring the composition of species with predominant, even 100% representation of the gray poplar (Populus canescens). Furthermore, we recommend that the forest status of legally defined “productive” forests should be transferred to the status of “special purpose” forests.
- Removal of auxiliary plant species by regular and controlled cutting, which contributes to the preservation of native habitats.
- Maintenance of old tree vegetation (head willows) in order to preserve the suitable trophic and topical conditions for animals that are bound to them (invertebrates, cavity nesting animals, some species of mammals, fungi).
- Regular mowing of grassland is essential in order to preserve their character as a nesting site for aquatic and wetland birds.
- Management of littoral vegetation: regular mowing of shores (reeds and bulrushes) on adjacent land.
- Grazing and combined grazing with mowing in meadows to maintain the character of these habitats.
- Measures to prevent shore abrasion by planting at least a 10 m wide strip of woody vegetation composed of indigenous species characteristic of the site.
- Proposal to eliminate the impact of stress factors on groundwater. A thorough review of the impact of industrial and agricultural operations is necessary. This includes regulation of the concentration of livestock production, improvement of the farmyards whose technical conditions do not adhere to hygiene principles, completion of silage pits and unpaved field fertilizer storages, and regulation of the use of agrochemicals.
- In addition, it is necessary to investigate the impact of landfills on groundwater, to eliminate illegal dumps, to ensure the regular collection of municipal waste, and to prevent the establishment of unorganized landfills.
- It is also necessary to prevent groundwater degradation by leakage from nonwatertight cesspits, to ensure the construction of a public sewerage system connected to the sewage tank, and to review the current state of the sewerage system in the area.
- Further proposals concern the regulation of the use of water areas with regard to the needs of nature protection and the need to protect the soil fund.
- The above-listed landscape ecological regulations resulting from the landscape plan are prepared to be incorporated into the respective sections of the land use plans.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The goal of ILM should be the ecologically optimal organization, utilization, and protection of the landscape (land resources) that harmonizes the spatial requirements of all human activities with conditions of the territory provided by the landscape structure. The decisions on land use from the point of view of one sector without taking into account the needs of other sectors, and, in particular, the necessity of the protection of natural resources, are not eligible.
- The decision-making process must consider all the characteristics of the landscape in the entire territory. Therefore, the ecologically optimal organization, utilization, and protection of the landscape must be based on complex systematic research of the landscape. The basic optimal operational units for the evaluation of the potential use should be the landscape ecological complexes (types of landscape), defined according to the properties of the components of the landscape. The landscape ecological conditions should be accepted as limits and regulations in spatial planning, as well as in the sectoral plans and documentations.
- Methods for implementation of scientific ILM into physical planning (in Slovakia, named territorial planning), as well as into sectoral planning tools, should be permanently innovated [63].
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Feranec, J.; Otahel, J. Krajinná Pokrývyka Slovenska (Land Cover of Slovakia); Geografický ústav SAV Bratislava: Bratislava, Slovakia, 2001; p. 124. [Google Scholar]
- Žigrai, F. Transfer of landscape-ecological knowledge from theory to practice as a multistage process. Ekológia 2013, 32, 305–319. [Google Scholar]
- Izakovičová, Z.; Miklós, L.; Drdoš, J. Landscape-Ecological Conditions of Sustainable Development; VEDA Bratislava: Bratislava, Slovakia, 1994; p. 183. (In Slovak) [Google Scholar]
- Brauman, K.A.; Daily, G.C.; Duarte, T.K.; Mooney, H.A. The Nature and Value of Ecosystem Services: An Overview Highlighting Hydrologic Services. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2007, 32, 67–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanza, R.; Daly, H.E. Natural Capital and Sustainable Development. Conserv. Biol. 1992, 6, 37–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanza, R.; De Groot, R.; Sutton, P.; Van Der Ploeg, S.; Anderson, S.J.; Kubiszewski, I.; Farber, S.; Turner, R.K. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2014, 26, 152–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis; World Resources Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Izakovičová, Z.; Mederly, P.; Petrovič, F. Long-term land use changes driven by urbanisation and their environmental effects (example of Trnava city, Slovakia). Sustainability 2017, 9, 1553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stelfox, J.B.; Sullivan, M.; Spafford, M. The role of integrated landscape management to assist with exploring the past, present, and future effects of landscape activities on Alberta’s boreal fish communities. In Proceedings of the Forest Land Fish Conference II: Ecosystem Stewardship Through Collaboration, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 28 April 2004; pp. 9–10. [Google Scholar]
- Miklós, L.; Izakovičová, Z. Landscape as Geosystem; Veda: Bratislava, Slovakia, 1997; p. 152. (In Slovak) [Google Scholar]
- Chuma, E.; Murwira, K.; Connolly, M.; Ficarelli, P.; Hagmann, J. Success Factors in Integrated Natural Resource Management R&D: Lessons from Practice. Conserv. Ecol. 2002, 5, 2. [Google Scholar]
- Naveh, Z.; Lieberman, A.S. Landscape Ecology Theory and Applications, 2nd ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1993; p. 360. [Google Scholar]
- Bezák, P.; Mederly, P.; Izakovičová, Z.; Špulerová, J.; Schleyer, C.H. Rozdiely a konflikty v územnom plánovaní v priestorových mierach na Slovensku: Príležitosť na prístup založený na ekosystémových službách? Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag. 2017, 13, 119–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ružička, M.; Miklós, L. Landscape-ecological planning (LANDEP) in the process of theritorial planning. Ekológia 1989, 1, 297–312. [Google Scholar]
- Ružička, M.; Miklós, L. Basic premises and methods in landscape-ecological planning and optimisation. In Changing Landscapes: An Ecological Perspectives; Zonnenveld, I.S., Forman, R.T.T., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1990; pp. 233–260. [Google Scholar]
- Buček, A.; Lacina, J. Suprare gional Territorial System of Landscape Ecological Stability of the Former Czechoslovakia. Ekológia 1996, 15, 71–76. [Google Scholar]
- Miklós, L. The concept of the territorial system of ecological stability in Slovakia. In Ecological and Landscape Consequences of Land Use Change in Europe; Jongmann, R.H.G., Ed.; ECNC: Tilburg, The Netherlands, 1996; pp. 385–406. [Google Scholar]
- Izakovičová, Z.; Hrnčiarová, T.; Králik, J.; Liška, M.; Miklós, L.; Moyzeová, M.; Pauditšová, E.; Ružičková, H.; Šíbl, J.; Tremboš, P. Metodické Pokyny na Vypracovanie Projektov Regionálnych Územných Systémov Ekologickej Stability a Miestnych Územných Systémov Ekologickej Stability MŽP SR; Združenie KRAJINA 21: Bratislava, Slovakia, 2000; p. 155. [Google Scholar]
- Miklós, L.; Kočická, E.; Diviaková, A.; Belaňová, E. Integrated Landscape Management Institutional Tools; VKÚ, a.s.: Harmanec, Slovakia, 2011; p. 102. (In Slovak) [Google Scholar]
- Miklósová, V. Evaluation of Ecosystem Services in National Nature Reserve Klátovské Rameno; Diploma Work; Constantine de Philosopher University in Nitra: Nitra, Slovakia, 2017; p. 197. [Google Scholar]
- Hrnčiarová, T. Methodology of LANDEP as the theoretical and applied database of landscape-ecological assesment of the area. Ekológia 2003, 22, 54–65. [Google Scholar]
- Izakovičová, Z.; Špulerová, J.; Petrovič, F. Integrated approach to sustainable land use management. Environments 2018, 5, 37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Špulerová, J.; Petrovič, F.; Mederly, P.; Mojses, M.; Izakovičová, Z. Contribution of Traditional Farming to Ecosystem Services Provision: Case Studies from Slovakia. Land 2018, 7, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miklós, L.; Špinerová, A. LANDEP Landscape Ecological Planning; VKÚ, a.s.: Harmanec, Slovakia, 2011; p. 158. (In Slovak) [Google Scholar]
- Izakovicova, Z.; Miklos, L.; Miklosova, V. Integrative Assessment of Land Use Conflicts. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Nations. Agenda 21: programme of action for sustainable development, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, statement of forest principles: the final text of agreements negotiated by Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 3–14 June 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 1993; p. 294, ISBN/ISSN 9211005094. [Google Scholar]
- Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ILS (Hg.). Europäische Raumordnungscharta. European regional/spatial planning charta. Charte Européene de l’aménagement du territoire.Europees handvest voor de ruimtelijke ordening, 2. unveränd. Aufl. 2. unveränderte Auflage. Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ILS. Dortmund.1984. (ILS. Sonderveröffentlicungen. 0, 28).
- The Council of the European Union. Council Decision: Concerning the Conclusion of the Convention on the Protection of the Alps 1996/191/EC (Alpine Convention); The Council of the European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations Environment Programme. Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians (Carpathian Convention). IUCN (ID: TRE-001374); United Nations Environment Programme: Kiev, Ukraine, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- ICPDR. Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable use of the Danube River (Danube River Protection Convention); International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River: Sofia, Bulgaria, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Council of Europe. European Landscape Convention; Council of Europe: Strasbourg, Florence, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Crossman, N.D.; Bryan, B.A. Ecological restoration priorities for achieving integrated environmental and economic objectives. In 25 Years of Landscape Ecology: Scientific Principles in Practices, Proceedings of the 7th IALE World Congress 8–12 July, Wageningen, The Netherlands, IALE Publication series 4; Bunce, R.G.H., Jongman, R.H.G., Hojas, L., Weel, S., Eds.; Wageningen University and Research: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2007; pp. 973–974. [Google Scholar]
- Miklos, L.; Izakovicova, Z.; Offertalerova, M.; Miklósová, V. The Institutional Tools of Integrated Landscape Management In Slovakia For Mitigation Of Climate Change And Other Natural Disasters. Eur. Countrys. 2017, 9, 647–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Belaňová, E.; Kanianska, R.; Kizeková, M.; Makovníková, J.; Jadudová, J.; Zelený, J.; Kočická, E.; Vaľková, V.; Wagner, J.; Mitterpach, J.; et al. Quo Vadisčo a ako možno integrovať? In Stav a Trendy Integrovaného Manažmentu Životného Prostredia: Vedecká Monografia; Diviaková, A., Ed.; Technická univerzita vo Zvolene: Zvolen, Slovakia, 2014; pp. 46–97. [Google Scholar]
- Juskova, K.; Muchova, Z. Land Consolidation as an Instrument for Land Ownership Defragmentation. In Mendelnet 2013; Skarpa, P., Ryant, P., Cerkal, R., Polak, O., Kovarnik, J., Eds.; Mendel Univ Brno: Brno, Czech Republic, 2013; pp. 444–448. [Google Scholar]
- Muchova, Z.; Leitmanova, M.; Petrovic, F. Possibilities of optimal land use as a consequence of lessons learned from land consolidation projects. Ecol. Eng. 2016, 90, 294–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moyzeová, M. An example of elaboration of the territorial system of ecological stability in agricultural landscape. In PECSRL—The Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape: Living in Landscapes: Knowledge, Practice, Imagination; University of Latvia: Riga, Latvia, 2010; pp. 99–100. [Google Scholar]
- Cairns, J., Jr.; Crawford, T.V.; Salwasser, H. Implementing Integrated Environmental Management. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Lessons from experience with ecosystem-based management. Landsc. Urban Plan. 1998, 40, 31–39. [Google Scholar]
- Sclocombe, D.S. Lessons from experience with ecosystem-based management. Landsc. Urban Plan. 1998, 40, 31–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szaro, C.R.; Sexton, W.T.; Malone, C.R. The emergence of ecosystem management as a tool for meeting people’s needs and sustaining ecosystems. Landsc. Urban Plan. 1998, 40, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siebert, R.; Artner, A.; Dobrovodská, M.; Grotkovská, L.; Kortekaas, H.K.; Imrichová, Z.; Izakovičová, Z.; Kenderessy, P.; Krange, O.; Moyzeová, M. Mobilizing the European Social Research Potential in Support of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management; International Report–Sobio, Central European University: Budapest, Hungary, 2004; p. 90. [Google Scholar]
- Lehotský, M.; Grešková, A. Riverine landscape and geomorphology: Ecological implications and river management strategy. Ekológia 2004, 23, 179–190. [Google Scholar]
- Bezák, P. Integrated approach to the evaluation landscape on the example of research in National Park Poloniny. In Integrated Landscape Management Basic Tool of the Implementation of the Sustainable Development; Izakovičová, Z., Ed.; Slovak Academy of Sciences: Bratislava, Slovakia, 2006; pp. 125–130. [Google Scholar]
- Izakovičová, Z.; Kozová, M. Integrated Landscape Management: A Tool Promoting Sustainable Development of Territory. Enviromagazín 2008, 13, Special number. 8–11. [Google Scholar]
- Machar, I. Applying landscape ecological principles in sustainable forest management of the floodplain forest in the teperate zone of Europe. Ekológia 2013, 32, 369–375. [Google Scholar]
- Tress, B.; Tress, G. Capitalising on Multiplicity: A Transdisciplinary Systems Approach to Landscape Research. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2001, 5, 143–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Primmer, E.; Furman, E. Operationalising ecosystem service approaches for governance: Do measuring, mapping and valuing integrate sector-specific knowledge systems? Ecosyst. Serv. 2012, 1, 85–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fontaine, C.M.; Dendoncker, N.; De Vreese, R.; Jacquemin, I.; Marek, A.; Van Herzele, A.; Devillet, G.; Mortelmans, D.; François, L. Towards participatory integrated valuation and modelling of ecosystem services under land-use change. J. Land Use Sci. 2014, 9, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-Harms, M.J.; Bryan, B.A.; Balvanera, P.; Law, E.A.; Rhodes, J.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Wilson, K.A. Making decisions for managing ecosystem services. Biol. Conserv. 2015, 184, 229–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Díaz, S.; Demissew, S.; Carabias, J.; Joly, C.; Lonsdale, M.; Ash, N.; Larigauderie, A.; Adhikari, J.R.; Arico, S.; Báldi, A.; et al. Zlatanova. The IPBES Conceptual Framework—Connecting nature and people. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2015, 14, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sielker, F. A stakeholder-based EU territorial cooperation: The example of European macro-regions. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2016, 24, 1995–2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miklós, L.; Diviaková, A.; Izakovičová, Z. Ecological Networks and Territorial System of Ecological Stability; Technical University in Zvolen: Zvolen, Slovakia, 2011; p. 141. [Google Scholar]
- Mezősi, G.; Blanka, V.; Bata, T.; Ladányi, Z.; Kemény, G.; Meyer, B.C. Assessment of future scenarios for wind erosion sensitivity changes based on ALADIN and REMO regional climate model simulation data. Open Geosci. 2016, 8, 465–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eliáš, P. Od funkcií vegetácie k ekosystémovým službám. Životn. Prostr. 2010, 44, 59–64. [Google Scholar]
- Maes, J.; Paracchini, M.; Zulian, G.; Dunbar, M.; Alkemade, R. Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem service supply, biodiversity, and habitat conservation status in Europe. Biol. Conserv. 2012, 155, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- TEEB 2010. The Economics of the Ecosystem and Biodiversity: Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature. In A Synthesis of the Approach, Conclusions and Recommendations of TEEB; United Nations Environment Programme: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010; p. 36. [Google Scholar]
- TEEB 2013. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Guidance Manual for TEEB Landscape Studies; Version 1.0; United Nations Environment Programme: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Bezák, P.; Bezáková, M. Landscape Capacity for Ecosystem Services Provision Based on Expert Knowledge and Public Perception (case Study from the North West Slovakia). Ekologia 2014, 33, 4. [Google Scholar]
- Costanza, R.; De Groot, R.; Kubiszewski, I.; Fioramonti, L.; Sutton, P.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M. Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosyst. Serv. 2017, 28, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Potschin, M.; Haines-Young, R. Linking people and nature: Socio-ecological systems. In Mapping Ecosystem Services, 1st ed.; Pensoft Publishers: Sofia, Bulgaria, 2017; pp. 41–43. ISBN 978*954-642-852-3. [Google Scholar]
- Haines-Young, R.; Potschin, R.M. Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) V5.1 and Guidance on the Application of the Revised Structure. 2018. Available online: www.cices.eu (accessed on 2 April 2019).
- Machar, I.; Poprach, K.; Harmacek, J.; Fialova, J. Bird Diversity as a Support Decision Tool for Sustainable Management in Temperate Forested Floodplain Landscapes. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ružička, M.; Miklós, L. Methodology of synthesis in landscape ecological planning (LANDEP). In Proceedings of the First International Seminar on Methodology in Landscape Ecological Research and Planning; Roskilde Universitetsforlag: Roskilde, Denmark, 1984; pp. 163–174. [Google Scholar]
- Papánek, F. Teória a Prax Funkčne Integrovaného Lesného Hospodárstva; Príroda: Bratislava, Slovakia, 1978; p. 218. [Google Scholar]
- De Groot, R.S. Fuctions of Nature: Evaluation of Nature in Environmental Planing, Management and Decision Making; Wolters Noordhoff: Groningen, The Netherlands, 1992; p. 315. [Google Scholar]
- Daily, G. The value of nature and the nature of value. Science 2000, 289, 395–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Groot, R.; Alkemade, R.; Braat, L.; Hein, L.; Willemen, L. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecol. Complex. 2010, 7, 260–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vihervaara, P.; Mononen, L.; Nedkov, S.; Viinikka, A. Biophysical Mapping and Assessment Methods for Ecosystem Services. ESMERALDA Deliverable D3.3. 2018. Available online: http://www.esmeralda-project.eu/documents/1/ (accessed on 30 April 2018).
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Izakovičová, Z.; Miklós, L.; Miklósová, V.; Petrovič, F. The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174554
Izakovičová Z, Miklós L, Miklósová V, Petrovič F. The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia. Sustainability. 2019; 11(17):4554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174554
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzakovičová, Zita, László Miklós, Viktória Miklósová, and František Petrovič. 2019. "The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia" Sustainability 11, no. 17: 4554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174554