Understanding Dynamics of Mangrove Forest on Protected Areas of Hainan Island, China: 30 Years of Evidence from Remote Sensing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Data Sets
2.1.1. Study Area
2.1.2. Data Sets
2.2. Understnading Mangrove Dynamics thorugh the PSR Framework
2.3. Remote Sensing Data Processing
2.4. Accuracy Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Accuracy Assessment of Mangrove Areas
3.2. The Distribution of Mangrove Areas on Selected Protected Areas of Hainan Island
4. Discussion
4.1. Accuracy of Multitemporal Mangrove Dynamics Mapping
4.2. Trends in the Area of Mangrove Forest at Selected Sites on Hainan Island
4.3. Pressures and Responses to Mangrove Changes on Selected Protected Areas of Hainan Island
4.4. Options for Sustainable Mangroves Management on Hainan Island
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Declared Year | Declared Area (ha) | Jurisdiction | Number of Mangrove Species * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dongzhaigang | 1980 | 3337 | International/National | 25 |
Qinglangang | 1981 | 2948 | Provincial | 35 |
Xinyinggang | 1986 | 350 | Local | 12 |
Maniaogang | 1992 | 696 | Local | ND ** |
Huachangwan | 1995 | 150 | Local | 12 |
Xinyingwan | 1992 | 115 | Local | 16 |
Dongfang | 2006 | 1429 | Provincial | ND |
OA (%) | Kappa | Mangrove | Non-Mangrove | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA (%) | UA (%) | PA (%) | UA (%) | ||
98.8 | 0.98 | 98.3 | 99.0 | 99.1 | 98.6 |
Site | 1987 | 1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dongzhaigang | 1466 | 1532 | 1612 | 1666 | 1729 | 1788 | 1733 |
Qinglangang | 1656 | 1447 | 1328 | 1165 | 1150 | 1214 | 1174 |
Xinyinggang | 415 | 330 | 305 | 294 | 263 | 276 | 291 |
Maniaogang | 66 | 56 | 34 | 46 | 51 | 96 | 96 |
Huachangwan | 454 | 397 | 341 | 257 | 219 | 322 | 300 |
Xinyingwan | 623 | 760 | 723 | 483 | 478 | 577 | 607 |
Dongfang | 36 | 25 | 38 | 30 | 60 | 67 | 77 |
Total | 4716 | 4547 | 4381 | 3940 | 3950 | 4340 | 4278 |
Site (Years of Mapping in Brackets) | MFDC (2015) | WMF (2000) | WAM10 (2000) | Jia (2013) | Zhang (2013) | Wu (2010) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dongzhaigang | 1586 | 1629 | 1799 | 1975 | 1673 | 2007 |
Qinglangang | 934 | 983 | 1108 | 545 | 1627 | |
Xinyinggang | 338 | 120 | 313 | |||
Xinyingwan | 411 | 163 | 370 | |||
Huachangwan | 212 | 132 | 44 | 212 | ||
Dongfang | 4 | 39 | 41 | |||
Maliaogang | 70 | 11 | 25 | |||
Total | 3555 | 3077 | 3700 | 1975 | 2218 | 3846 |
Total of this study (years of mapping in brackets) | 4278 (2017) | 3940 (2003) | 3940 (2003) | 4340 (2013) | 4340 (2013) | 3950 (2007) |
Average * | 3917 | 3509 | 3820 | 3158 | 3729 | 3898 |
Used data sources | Landsat &Sentinel-1A | Landsat | Landsat | Landsat | Landsat | Landsat &HJ-1 |
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Liao, J.; Zhen, J.; Zhang, L.; Metternicht, G. Understanding Dynamics of Mangrove Forest on Protected Areas of Hainan Island, China: 30 Years of Evidence from Remote Sensing. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5356. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195356
Liao J, Zhen J, Zhang L, Metternicht G. Understanding Dynamics of Mangrove Forest on Protected Areas of Hainan Island, China: 30 Years of Evidence from Remote Sensing. Sustainability. 2019; 11(19):5356. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195356
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Jingjuan, Jianing Zhen, Li Zhang, and Graciela Metternicht. 2019. "Understanding Dynamics of Mangrove Forest on Protected Areas of Hainan Island, China: 30 Years of Evidence from Remote Sensing" Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5356. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195356