Current Status, Emerging Challenges, and Future Prospects of Industrial Symbiosis in Portugal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Industrial Symbiosis in Portugal
3.1.1. Current Status
3.1.2. Portuguese Legislative Context Related to Industrial Symbiosis
3.1.3. Industrial Symbiosis Networks in Portugal
3.2. Current Development, Challenges, and Future Prospects
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location/Region | NE | Activity | Waste/By-Product | Sharing Facilities/Utilities/Services | Publication Year | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Industrial Symbiosis Networks | ||||||
Coimbra, I.C. | ||||||
Souselas | Cement manufacturer | Agricultural, urban, industrial, and construction and demolition wastes | 2018 | [91] | ||
Leiria, I.C.; West, I.C. and Lisbon, M.A. | ||||||
Leiria, Alcobaça and Setúbal | Shipyards and cement manufacturers | Steel shot | 2018 | [91] | ||
Lisbon, M.A. | ||||||
Lisbon Metropolitan Area | 44 | Manufacturer of paper pulp; repair and maintenance of ships and boats; construction of railways and underground railways; wholesale of waste and scrap; manufacturer of doors and windows of metal; manufacturer of other fabricated metal products; shaping and processing of flat glass; production of electricity; logging; manufacturer of cement; manufacturer of concrete products; manufacturer of household and sanitary goods and of toilet requisites; aluminum production; manufacturer of plastic plates, sheets, tubes, and profiles; manufacturer of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys; and manufacture of flat glass | Waste bark and wood, bottom ash, slag, boiler dust, sludge, plastics, rubber, waste blasting material, paper, cardboard, aluminum, ferrous metals, waste glass, waste concrete, concrete sludge, mixtures of concrete and bricks and ceramics, linings, refractories, welding waste, and lime mud waste | 2015 | [69] | |
Lisbon | Restaurants, coffee shops, and mushroom producer | Coffee grounds | 2019 | [92] | ||
Alentejo Litoral, I.C. | ||||||
Sines | Oil refinery; manufacturers of fertilizers, paper, and sulphuric acid; microalgae production; and manufacturer of plastics in primary forms | Sulphur, industrial gases (CO2), hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas, fuel, and others fuels (naphtha) | 2011 | [93] | ||
Sines | Power plant and cement manufacturer | Ashes | 2011 | [93] | ||
Sines | Recovery of sorted materials (tyres), power plant, chemical industry; and cement/concrete/construction materials manufacturer | Waste tyres and gypsum | 2011 | [93] | ||
Lezíria do Tejo, I.C. | ||||||
Chamusca | >16 | Integrated recovery, treatment and elimination center for hazardous wastes, municipal waste management, wastewater treatment facilities, container refurbishment, battery recycler, paper pulp producer, plastic recycler, end of life vehicles disassemblers, aluminum slag processor, biomass processers, fertilizer producers, and local farms | Containers, acids, biomass, plastics, ferrous metals, batteries and oil filters, ash, food waste, and sludge | 2010 | [68] | |
Rio Maior | 2 | Furniture manufacturer and mixed farming | Wood shavings | 2011 | [93] | |
Salvaterra de Magos and Rio Maior | 2 | Carpentry and pig farm | Wood shavings | 2011 | [93] | |
Benavente and Rio Maior | 2 | Fruit processer and wholesale of grain | Unsuitable fruit materials | 2011 | [93] | |
Santarém | 2 | Pig farm and agricultural production | Manure | 2011 | [93] | |
Santarém | 2 | Stone quarry and mechanical repair | Oils | 2011 | [93] | |
Santarém | 2 | Sewerage and agricultural products | Wastewater sludge | 2011 | [93] | |
Santarém | 2 | Furniture manufacturer and ceramics manufacturer | Wood shavings | 2011 | [93] | |
Santarém | 2 | Olive oil production | Washing sludge | 2011 | [93] | |
Santarém | 3 | Stone quarries and stone cutting and shaping | Excavation wastes, stone cutting wastes, and freshwater drilling muds | 2011 | [93] | |
Santarém and Benavente | 3 | Meat processer, paper products manufacturer, and printing | Paper/cardboard | 2011 | [93] | |
Santarém and Alpiarça | 3 | Brewery, raising of farm animals, and agricultural production | Biomass and sludges | 2011 | [93] | |
Santarém, Almeirim and Alpiarça | 3 | Vineyards and distiller | Unsuitable beverage materials and washing/mechanical process wastes | 2011 | [93] | |
Santarém and Cartaxo | 3 | Manufacturer of wires, chains, and springs; hardware retailer; and cold forming or folding | Ferrous metal dust and particles and ferrous metal fillings | 2011 | [93] | |
Chamusca | 2 | Winery and mixed farming | Washing/mechanical process wastes | 2011 | [93] | |
Chamusca and Azambuja | 2 | Aviary and recovery of sorted materials | Discarded electronic equipment | 2011 | [93] | |
Azambuja | 2 | Veneer sheets and wood panels manufacturer and agricultural products retailer | Wood shavings | 2011 | [93] | |
Azambuja and Coruche | 5 | Manufacturer of parts for motor vehicles, recovery of sorted materials, car manufacturer, and construction | Steel mill scales and lead batteries | 2011 | [93] | |
Benavente and Cartaxo | 2 | Manufacturer of medical products and manufacturer of steel drums | Metal containers | 2011 | [93] | |
Cartaxo | 2 | Juice manufacturer and post-harvest crop activities | Washing/mechanical process wastes | 2011 | [93] | |
Cartaxo | 2 | Stone cutting and shaping and construction | Stone cutting wastes | 2011 | [93] | |
Cartaxo | 2 | Manufacturer of parts for motor vehicles and manufacturer of wires, chains, and springs | Ferrous metal fillings | 2011 | [93] | |
Cartaxo | 2 | Printing and school | Paper/cardboard packaging | 2011 | [93] | |
Alentejo | ||||||
Alentejo | Olive oil and wine industries, paper mill, and poultry farmer | Olive lump, by-products of pruning of vines and olive trees, stalks, sludge from wastewater treatment plants of paper mill, and poultry manure | Infrastructures, human resources, waste management (with a common waste park and wastewater treatment plant), and equipment | 2018 | [88] | |
Alentejo | 2 | Wine, olive oil, and pig farmers | Swine effluent | Facilities and human resources | 2018 | [88] |
Alentejo | Cooperatives and producers | Organic matter | 2018 | [88] | ||
Alentejo | Olive oil farmers and poultry farmer | Olive lump | 2018 | [88] | ||
Alentejo | Pig farmers and farmers | Liquid and solid effluents | 2018 | [88] | ||
Undefined region | ||||||
Paper and pulp industry and mortar producer | Aggregate (sand) re-used from fluidized bed boilers | 2016 | [94] | |||
Paper pulp producer and sustainable forest management company | Organic waste | 2018 | [91] | |||
Electricity producer, distributor and trader, and international companies | Coal slag | 2018 | [91] | |||
Pulp and paper industries, ceramic, cement, and other industries | Waste and by-products from pulp and paper industries | 2019 | [70] | |||
Potential industrial symbiosis network | ||||||
Alentejo Litoral, I.C. | ||||||
Sines | Refinery and cement industry | Used catalyst and hydrocarbon sludge | 2018 | [91,94] | ||
Undefined region | ||||||
Pulp and paper plants, sand producers, and mortars producers | Fluidized bed sands | 2019 | [71] |
Categories | Main Challenges and Future Prospects |
---|---|
Political | Establishment of policies and strategies by national and European institutions that effectively promote sustainable growth and support companies Definition of a concerted action plan tailored to the reality of small- and medium-sized enterprises Increased waste disposal taxes Creation of dissemination and encouragement mechanisms for companies Tax reduction for companies that adopt more sustainable waste treatment practices Creation of funds specially designed to increase industrial symbiosis Promotion of legislative changes, such as streamlining and reducing bureaucracy in the application for by-product classification |
Organizational | Existence of a facilitator who promotes industrial symbiosis relations between companies |
Technical | Industrial symbiosis between manufacturing and agriculture, forestry, and fishing companies Promoting symbiosis relationships with more representative and waste-generating industries such as the paper industry and the manufacturing industry of basic metals and fabricated metal products Boost symbiosis by using larger companies that are already present in industrial symbiosis networks, acting as anchor tenants Promotion of infrastructure sharing and joint provision of services |
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Neves, A.; Godina, R.; G. Azevedo, S.; C. O. Matias, J. Current Status, Emerging Challenges, and Future Prospects of Industrial Symbiosis in Portugal. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5497. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195497
Neves A, Godina R, G. Azevedo S, C. O. Matias J. Current Status, Emerging Challenges, and Future Prospects of Industrial Symbiosis in Portugal. Sustainability. 2019; 11(19):5497. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195497
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeves, Angela, Radu Godina, Susana G. Azevedo, and João C. O. Matias. 2019. "Current Status, Emerging Challenges, and Future Prospects of Industrial Symbiosis in Portugal" Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5497. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195497