Influencing Indicators and Quantitative Assessment of Water Resources Security in Karst Region Based on PSER Model—The Case of Guizhou
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Construction of PSER Theoretical Framework
3.2.2. Date Standardization
3.2.3. Determination of the Value Weight
3.2.4. Calculation of Grey Relational Index
3.2.5. Calculation of Water Resource Security
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Analysis of Changes in Water Resource Pressure Subgroup
5.2. Analysis of the Changes in the Water Resource Status Subgroup
5.3. Analysis of Changes in the Water Resource Effect Subgroup
5.4. Analysis of Changes in the Water Resource Response Subgroup
- (1)
- Water conservancy investment (R8) and soil erosion management (R9) contributed significantly to water resource security (the rising trend in optimal correlation index is apparent): the investment in water conservancy construction and soil erosion control increased; the investment in water conservancy infrastructure construction was USD 3.08 billion in 2015; and, the total area of water and soil erosion in the 2001–2015 period covered 11,700 km2, accounting for 6.64% of the total land area of the province. Previous studies have shown that continuous investment in resources significantly improved the water resource security [37].
- (2)
- The improvement of industrial production technology and basic water conservancy facilities significantly improved the use efficiency of water resources [57]. The water consumption per unit of GDP (R4) and the water consumption for irrigation per unit farmland (R5) significantly decreased, indicating that the use efficiency of water resource increased significantly. The tertiary industry has a relatively low consumption of water resources [58]. The significant increase in the proportion of the tertiary industry (R7) has further reduced water consumption per unit of GDP.
- (3)
- Regarding sewage treatment, the domestic sewage treatment rate (R3) increased significantly, reaching 90% in 2015; the per unit of GDP pollutant reduction rate (R2) did not change much from 2001 to 2013 and continued to increase from 2013 to 2015.
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- In the 2001–2015 period, the security of the water resource in Guizhou improved. The sustainable improvements in the effect and the response subgroups were the main influencing factors for water resource security improvement. Specifically, the most significant factors included the forest coverage rate, the water consumption per USD of industrial added value, the proportion of the tertiary industry, the investment in water conservancy, and the management of water and soil erosion. The increased pressure on water resource security and the instability of water resource security are the main factors negatively impacting water resource security, which has been largely due to the use of chemical fertilizers, economic density, annual average GDP growth rate, waste water discharge, and surface runoff.
- (2)
- The water resource subgroup indicators show that the reduction in waste water discharge, the use of chemical fertilizers, the improvement of domestic sewage treatment, the reduction in pollutants per unit of GDP, and the water quality of the main river will greatly improve water resource security, and thus they need to be further strengthened. Within the scope of the water resource carrying capacity, an increase in the underground water supply, a reduction in water consumption per unit industrial added value, strengthened soil erosion management, and improved desertification treatment and higher forest coverage rates have greatly contributed to improved water security. In addition, industrial restructuring, investment in water conservancy, construction of large and medium-sized reservoirs, and other water conservancy facilities have contributed to promoting the security of water resources.
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target | Subgroup | Indicators | Weights | Meaning | Optimal Reference Set | Worst Reference Set | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Evaluation of water resource security | Pressure | P1− | Urbanization level/% | 0.0204 | The pressure on water resource due to increasing urbanization and development | 24 | 60 |
P2− | Population density/p/km2 | 0.0267 | The pressure of water resource demand on the water resource system due to population density changes | 197.2 | 222.37 | ||
P3− | Second output value accounts for the proportion of GDP/% | 0.0230 | The pressure on water resource due to increased water demand due to industrial development | 37.74 | 41.63 | ||
P4− | Wastewater discharge/billion m3 | 0.0311 | The pressure of containing wastewater on water resource | 2.08 | 3.08 | ||
P5− | Economic density/104RMB/km2 | 0.0179 | The pressure of water resource demand due to economic density changes | 64.33 | 596.17 | ||
P6− | Amount of fertilizer used on arable land/kg/hm2·year | 0.0259 | The effects of the amount of fertilizer used in land cultivation on water quality | 39.71 | 58.86 | ||
P7− | Annual GDP growth rate/% | 0.0229 | The pressure on water resource due to economic development | 8.8 | 15 | ||
P8− | Per capita income/RMB | 0.0183 | The impact of improving living standards on water resource demand | 3000 | 29,847 | ||
Status | S1+ | Precipitation/billion m3 | 0.0154 | Plump degree of water resource | 224.31 | 144.56 | |
S2− | Seasonal variability of precipitation/* | 0.0170 | The effect of uneven precipitation on the occurrence of water resource | 0.62 | 0.87 | ||
S3+ | Surface water resource/billion m3 | 0.0155 | Efficient use of water resource | 121.31 | 62.64 | ||
S4+ | Groundwater resources/billion m3 | 0.0171 | Potential availability of water resource | 29.44 | 21.67 | ||
S5+ | Water supply for engineering/billion m3 | 0.0185 | Artificial enhancement of regional water resource by man-made water conservancy facilities | 0.25 | 0.1 | ||
S6− | Water consumption of agriculture/billion m3 | 0.0201 | Demand for water resource from agricultural development | 4.41 | 5.85 | ||
S7− | Public water consumption in cities and towns/billion m3 | 0.0245 | Demand for water resource from public facilities | 0.06 | 0.58 | ||
S8− | Ecological water consumption/billion m3 | 0.0300 | Demand for water resource from ecological rehabilitation and construction | 0.04 | 0.07 | ||
S9− | Rocky desertification rate of land/% | 0.0867 | Influence of water resource circulation rate on the water resource system | 0 | 18.79 | ||
S10− | Surface runoff coefficient/* | 0.0198 | Influence of the water resource circulation rate on the water resource system | 0.54 | 0.43 | ||
S11+ | Water storage capacity of large and medium-sized reservoirs per capita/m3 | 0.0372 | Water storage capacity and the benefit of water conservancy projects | 867.13 | 68.99 | ||
Effect | E1+ | Forest coverage rate/% | 0.0291 | The ability for the forest to conserve precipitation | 30.83 | 50 | |
E2+ | Per capita water resource possession/m3 | 0.0229 | Water resource support for the survival and livelihood of the population | 3458 | 1806 | ||
E3+ | Water supply for surface water/billion m3 | 0.0216 | Support capacity of surface water resource for regional development | 9.38 | 7.50 | ||
E4+ | Underground water supply water/billion m3 | 0.0438 | Support capacity of groundwater resource for regional development | 1.89 | 0.11 | ||
E5+ | Quality rate of water quality in main river section/% | 0.0233 | Qualified water reflects the ability of available water to support regional development | 100 | 50 | ||
E6− | Amount of water consumption per USD industry/m3/USA$ | 0.0205 | The impact of existing industrial production levels on the water resource system | 513 | 3296 | ||
E7− | Industrial water consumption/billion m3 | 0.0170 | Impact of existing industrial development on the water resource system | 0.96 | 1.54 | ||
E8− | Water consumption for residents/billion m3 | 0.0143 | The impact of the amount of water required for the existing standard of living on water resource | 2.01 | 4.01 | ||
Response | R1+ | Development and use of water resource/% | 0.0363 | Water resource redundancy in the current context of social and economic development | 15.18 | 7.86 | |
R2+ | Pollutant emission-reduction rate per unit of GDP/% | 0.0325 | Responsiveness to reducing the amount of water resource needed to accommodate economic development | 36.6 | 1.47 | ||
R3+ | Treatment rate of domestic sewage/% | 0.0444 | Responsiveness to reducing the amount of water needed to accommodate domestic sewage | 100 | 2.4 | ||
R4− | Water consumption per unit of GDP/m3 | 0.0225 | The response of the progress in production technology to water resource stress | 103 | 769 | ||
R5− | Water consumption of per unit farmland irrigation/m3/km2 | 0.0229 | The response of water resource stress in agricultural production | 376 | 626 | ||
R6− | Water consumption of per capita/L/p·d | 0.0096 | The response of domestic use to water resource stress | 67.4 | 121.2 | ||
R7+ | The proportion of the tertiary industry/% | 0.0254 | Industrial structure adjustment under the influence of water resource | 80 | 37.53 | ||
R8+ | Investment in water conservancy/billion RMB | 0.0668 | Human management of water resource | 0.93 | 22.0 | ||
R9+ | Soil erosion treatment/km2 | 0.0589 | Conservation of surface water resource and improvement of water storage | 2706.09 | 768.2 |
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Zhou, F.; Su, W.; Zhang, F. Influencing Indicators and Quantitative Assessment of Water Resources Security in Karst Region Based on PSER Model—The Case of Guizhou. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205671
Zhou F, Su W, Zhang F. Influencing Indicators and Quantitative Assessment of Water Resources Security in Karst Region Based on PSER Model—The Case of Guizhou. Sustainability. 2019; 11(20):5671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205671
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Feng, Weici Su, and Fengtai Zhang. 2019. "Influencing Indicators and Quantitative Assessment of Water Resources Security in Karst Region Based on PSER Model—The Case of Guizhou" Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205671