The Role of Local Finance in Overcoming Socioeconomic Inequalities in Polish Rural Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- very high intensity of characteristic k in class c; the characteristic is highly specific (in positive or negative terms);
- high intensity of characteristic k in class c; the characteristic is moderately specific (in positive or negative terms);
- average intensity of characteristic k in class c; the characteristic does not stand out and is not specific.
3. Role of Local Government in Promoting Development and Fighting Against Socioeconomic Inequalities: A Theoretical Background
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Results of Empirical Research, Part 1—Assessing the Socioeconomic Development Level of Polish Rural Municipalities Located in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship
4.2. Results of Empirical Research, Part 2—Assessing the Quantitative Relationships Between the Socioeconomic Development Level and Financial Situation of Polish Rural Municipalities Located in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship
4.3. Discussion and Political Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Designation | Secondary Criterion | Name of the Characteristic |
---|---|---|---|
1 | x1 | Demographic situation | Population density (per km2) |
2 | x2 | Population growth rate per 1000 population | |
3 | x3 | Net migration rate per 1000 population | |
4 | x4 | Social situation | Percentage of unemployed people in the total working-age population (%) |
5 | x5 | Share of councilors at tertiary education levels (%) | |
6 | x6 | Number of foundations, associations and social organizations per 1000 population | |
7 | x7 | People employed in the industrial, construction and service sectors per 100 working-age population | |
8 | x8 | Share of social assistance beneficiaries in the total population (%) | |
9 | x9 | Local economy | Number of operators entered into the REGON register per 10,000 population |
10 | x10 | Number of natural persons engaged in a business per 1000 population | |
11 | x11 | Number of operators with 50 or more employees per 10,000 working-age population | |
12 | x12 | Number of beds in accommodation facilities per 1000 population | |
13 | x13 | Agriculture | Share of farms with an area of 15 ha or more in the total number of farms (%) |
14 | x14 | Housing conditions | Average usable floor area per person (m2) |
15 | x15 | Share of apartments equipped with central heating (%) | |
16 | x16 | Infrastructure | Share of population served by a sewerage network (%) |
17 | x17 | Share of population served by a gas network (%) |
Main Types of Development Theories | Groups of Development Theories | Development Theories | Selected Authors |
---|---|---|---|
Top-down development (1) Classical approach | Neoclassical economics | Basic neoclassical model | Smith A. (1776) |
Theory of comparative advantage | Ricardo D. (1817) | ||
Hecksher–Ohlin theory of factor proportions | Heckscher E. (1919); Ohlin B. (1930) | ||
Keynesian model | Basic Keynesian model | Keynes J. M. (1936) | |
Theory of economic base | North D. C. (1955); Rittenbruch K. (1968) | ||
Stage models | Rostow’s stages of growth | RostowW. W.(1960) | |
Kondratiev waves | Kondratiew N. D. (1926) | ||
Product lifecycle theories | Vernon R. (1966) | ||
Sustainable and unsustainable development theories | Sustainable development | Nurkse R. (1953); Rosenstein-Rodan P.N. (1961) | |
Unsustainable development | Hirschman A.O. (1958); Streeten P. (1964) | ||
Top-down development (2) Polarization theories | Growth poles | Sectoral polarization | Schumpeter J. A. (1964); Peroux F. (1964) |
Regional polarization | Myrdal G. (1957) | ||
Sectoral and regional polarization | Hirschman A. O. (1958); Kaldor N. (1970) | ||
Growth poles concept | Peroux F. (1964); | ||
Paelinck J. (1965); | |||
Boudeville J. R. (1956); | |||
Pottier P. (1963) | |||
Growth poles and hierarchical diffusion | Theory of innovation and of innovation process phases | Schumpeter J. A. (1964) | |
Theory of sectoral and regional growth poles | Lausen J. M. (1969) | ||
Core-periphery theory | Core-periphery theory (Prebisch) | Prebisch R. (1959) | |
Core-periphery theory (Friedmann) | Friedmann J. (1973) | ||
Bottom-up development | Historical perspective of development processes | Theory of long-term alternation between development phases | Walter P. P. (1980); Stohr W. B. (1981) |
Theory of basic needs | Redistribution and growth strategy | Chenery H. H. S. (1974); ILO/MOP (1979); Tinbergen J. (1976) | |
Strategy of alternative development | Report from Cocoyoc (1974); Hammarskjold Fundation (1975); Roman Club Report (1975); Stohr W. B. (1974) | ||
Self-centered development theory and selective separation | Theory of dependency | Frank A. G. (1978) | |
Theory of self-centered development and selective separation | Senghaas D. (1977) | ||
Theory of independent regional development | Regional policy concept | Stohr W. B. (1981); Uhahne (1985); Maier G. (1987) | |
Concept of independent regional development | Scheer G. (1981); Glatz H. (1981) | ||
Concept of regional development through activation of sub-sectoral potential | Hahne U. (1992) | ||
Theory of use of endogenous potential | Regional self-fulfillment concept of intraregional flows of an innovative regional environment | Maier G. (1987) |
Typological Class | Development Level | Thresholds for the Synthetic Indicator | Number of Municipalities | Percentage of Municipalities (%) | Change (Percentage Points) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | high | <0.75, 1.00 | 6 | 16 | 5.3 | 14.2 | 8.8 |
II | medium-high | <0.5, 0.75 | 29 | 67 | 25.7 | 59.3 | 33.6 |
III | medium-low | <0.25, 0.5 | 72 | 29 | 63.7 | 25.7 | −38.1 |
IV | low | <0.0, 0.25 | 6 | 1 | 5.3 | 0.9 | −4.4 |
Specification | Typological Class/Socioeconomic Development Level | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I High | II Medium-High | III Medium-Low | IV Low | |||
Distance from the region’s central city of Poznań (km) | 2005–2007 | 15.1 | 76.4 | 112.0 | 137.0 | 91.3 |
2015–2017 | 42.2 | 85.4 | 137.0 | 125.0 | 91.0 | |
Population density (per km2) | 2005–2007 | 160.1 | 56.7 | 52.6 | 49.0 | 56.9 |
2015–2017 | 91.6 | 56.4 | 53.5 | 50.5 | 59.7 | |
Net migration rate per 1000 population | 2005–2007 | 42.3 | 2.3 | −1.0 | −2.3 | 0.1 |
2015–2017 | 4.3 | −0.4 | −1.0 | −4.8 | −0.4 | |
Share of unemployed people in the total working-age population | 2005–2007 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 10.4 | 12.8 | 8.9 |
2015–2017 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 4.9 | 8.4 | 3.3 | |
Share of councilors at tertiary education levels in the total number of councilors (%) | 2005–2007 | 48.9 | 23.3 | 17.8 | 6.7 | 20.0 |
2015–2017 | 46.7 | 26.7 | 13.3 | 0.0 | 4.7 | |
People employed in the industrial, construction and service sectors per 100 working-age population | 2005–2007 | 41.4 | 17.6 | 11.3 | 8.3 | 13.8 |
2015–2017 | 35.7 | 14.3 | 8.2 | 12.5 | 14.0 | |
Share of social assistance beneficiaries in the total population (%) | 2005–2007 | 4.4 | 8.8 | 12.0 | 11.4 | 10.7 |
2015–2017 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 8.7 | 12.2 | 6.4 | |
Operators entered to the REGON register per 10,000 population | 2005–2007 | 1212.3 | 723.4 | 578.4 | 469.6 | 626.1 |
2015–2017 | 1203.7 | 811.2 | 645.7 | 434.4 | 784.2 | |
Operators with 50 or more employees per 10,000 working-age population | 2005–2007 | 19.9 | 13.2 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 5.3 |
2015–2017 | 14.9 | 6.50 | 2.36 | 6.4 | 6.4 | |
Share of people served by a sewerage network in the total population (%) | 2005–2007 | 45.6 | 34.4 | 25.4 | 13.0 | 27.3 |
2015–2017 | 70.4 | 52.2 | 27.1 | 3.5 | 49.4 | |
Share of people served by a gas network in the total population (%) | 2005–2007 | 61.4 | 6.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
2015–2017 | 60.3 | 2.3 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 1.5 |
Specification | Typological Classes/Socioeconomic Development Level | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I High | II Medium-High | III Medium-Low | IV Low | |||
Own incomes per capita (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 0.61 | 0.33 * | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.35 ** |
2015–2017 | 0.62 ** | 0.09 | 0.01 | × | 0.51 ** | |
Share of own incomes in total incomes (%) | 2005–2007 | 0.72 * | 0.01 | 0.35 ** | 0.64 | 0.73 ** |
2015–2017 | 0.80 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.00 | × | 0.66 ** | |
Per capita income derived from income taxes which are state budget revenue (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.28 ** | 0.37 | 0.69 ** |
2015–2017 | 0.80 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.13 | × | 0.69 ** | |
Per capita income derived from local taxes (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 0.66 | −0.28 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.46 ** |
2015–2017 | 0.52 ** | 0.07 | −0.05 | × | 0.41 ** | |
Operating surplus per capita (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 0.57 | −0.03 | 0.07 | −0.59 | 0.49 ** |
2015–2017 | 0.64 ** | −0.07 | −0.17 | × | 0.42 ** | |
Investment expenditure per capita (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 0.62 | 0.17 | 0.12 ** | −0.83 | 0.54 ** |
2015–2017 | 0.72 ** | 0.05 | −0.44 ** | × | 0.45 ** | |
Total liabilities per capita (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 0.44 | −0.23 | −0.07 | -0.10 | 0.25 ** |
2015–2017 | 0.48 * | 0.22 * | −0.13 | × | 0.36 ** |
Specification | Typological Class/Socioeconomic Development Level | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I High | II Medium-High | III Medium-Low | IV Low | |||
Own incomes per capita (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 3007.3 | 2107.0 | 2091.3 | 2033.6 | 2140.9 |
2015–2017 | 2508.7 ** | 1550.1 | 1194.3 * | 1745.1 | 1596.3 | |
Share of own incomes in total incomes (%) | 2005–2007 | 74.1 ** | 41.9 ** | 30.6 * | 25.3 * | 35.5 |
2015–2017 | 53.9 ** | 37.8 | 29.5 * | 38.0 | 37.9 | |
Per capita income derived from income taxes which are state budget revenue (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 725.2 ** | 291.5 ** | 178.8 * | 146.8 * | 235.0 |
2015–2017 | 1069.8 ** | 539.3 * | 405.8 * | 269.4 | 577.8 | |
Per capita income derived from local taxes and fees (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 1066.1 ** | 394.8 | 310.8 * | 243.4 * | 368.9 |
2015–2017 | 997.4 ** | 600.5 | 463.2 * | 715.3 | 622.5 | |
Share of operating surplus in total incomes (%) | 2005–2007 | 30.5 ** | 12.0 | 9.9 * | 10.6 | 11.6 |
2015–2017 | 17.1 ** | 10.9 * | 9.9 * | 8.6 | 11.5 | |
Operating surplus per capita (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 961.2 ** | 247.2 | 208.5 * | 208.0 | 258.4 |
2015–2017 | 766.4 ** | 443.0 * | 399.2 * | 374.2 | 476.9 | |
Property investment expenditure per capita (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 1239.9 ** | 406.2 | 276.6 * | 290.6 | 361.8 |
2015–2017 | 790.9 ** | 443.8 * | 387.1 * | 484.3 | 478.7 | |
Share of property investment expenditure in total expenditure (%) | 2005–2007 | 37.4 ** | 19.0 ** | 13.0 * | 14.9 | 16.0 |
2015–2017 | 18.3 ** | 11.7 * | 10.9 * | 14.4 | 12.4 | |
Per capita income derived from the general subsidy (without the educational part) (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 4.3 * | 159.9 * | 292.9 ** | 358.2 | 246.9 |
2015–2017 | 91.3 * | 366.0 | 564.6 ** | 304.4 | 377.5 | |
Total liabilities per capita (PLN) | 2005–2007 | 505.1 | 409.4 ** | 283.6 * | 270.6 | 327.0 |
2015–2017 | 1028.7 ** | 681.2 | 514.8 * | 1050.6 | 691.0 | |
Share of total liabilities in total incomes (%) | 2005–2007 | 18.3 | 19.6 ** | 13.6 * | 13.6 | 15.4 |
2015–2017 | 22.7 | 17.4 | 13.1 * | 23.3 | 17.1 | |
Share of capital and interest repayments in total incomes (%) | 2005–2007 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 5.3 | 4.2 | 5.6 |
2015–2017 | 22.0 ** | 14.8 | 12.7 * | 22.7 | 15.3 |
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Standar, A.; Kozera, A. The Role of Local Finance in Overcoming Socioeconomic Inequalities in Polish Rural Areas. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205848
Standar A, Kozera A. The Role of Local Finance in Overcoming Socioeconomic Inequalities in Polish Rural Areas. Sustainability. 2019; 11(20):5848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205848
Chicago/Turabian StyleStandar, Aldona, and Agnieszka Kozera. 2019. "The Role of Local Finance in Overcoming Socioeconomic Inequalities in Polish Rural Areas" Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205848