Towards a Preservation–Sustainability Nexus: Applying LCA to Reduce the Environmental Footprint of Modern Built Heritage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Area
2.2. The Existing Sustainability-Related Standards and the Methodology Applied
2.2.1. Key Sustainability-Related Negative Aspects Identified for the Study Area
2.2.2. Application of LCA to the Modern Built Heritage Case Study
- Environmental decision making based on scientific methodologies rather than arbitrary estimates;
- Overturning existing, erroneous and unfavorable environmental views of public opinion on various products or activities;
- Evaluating conservation interventions/materials based on environmental criteria;
- Creating a scientific background to demonstrate the need to adopt economic measures;
- Informing citizens about the impact on the environment of products they use and activities they carry;
- Assessment of investment plans related to their impact on the environment.
3. Results
3.1. Goals and Scope
- Stone materials corresponding to 90% of the masonry total volume. The stone used was limestone containing iron oxide admixtures;
- Joint mortars constituted 10% of the total masonry volume. Mortars were clay-lime-based mortars (90% clay and 10% lime);
- Reinforced concrete comprising 13% total steel volume and 87% concrete volume and including 75% aggregates and 25% cement binder [25].
3.1.1. Life Cycle Inventory
3.1.2. Impact Assessment
3.1.3. Interpretation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Planning/Design Commissioning | - | Transport of Products to Building Site | Construction | |
Users | -Integrated planning procedures -User participation -Stakeholder involvement | - | - | - |
Neighborhood | -Neighborhood participation -Stakeholder involvement | - | Traffic noise | -Traffic noise -Social standards of the construction processes (safety, neighborhood protection) |
Society | -Number of urban planning processes (stakeholder dialogues, etc.) | -Social standards/works -Conditions during the extraction and processing of raw materials and during manufacturing -Sourcing of materials -Regional economic and employment laws | Traffic noise through transport routes | -Social standards of the companies involved -Social facilities on the construction site (e.g., toilets) -Stakeholder involvement |
Use | ||||
Operation/building related, for the fabric during the usage stage | User and control systems related to data for the operation of the building and its elements during the usage stage | |||
Users | -Accessibility -Adaptability -Health and comfort -Maintenance -Safety/security | -health and comfort -maintenance -safety/security | ||
Neighborhood | Loadings in neighborhood | Loadings in neighborhood | ||
Society | -Infrastructure (public transport) -Social affordability and cost efficiency -Stakeholder involvement | - | ||
After Use | ||||
Disassembly | Transport of waste | Disposal | ||
Users | -Hazardous material -Accidents -Noise -Dust | -noise, traffic, and dust | - |
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Building Component and Material | Lifespan (Months) | Unit | Value | Density (kg/m3) | Volume (m3) | Unit/Month |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exterior walls | ||||||
Clay Plaster | 1200 | kg | 48,000 | 1600 | 30 | 40.00 |
Limestone, gravel (grain size 16/32) (EN 15804 A1-A3) | 1200 | kg | 418,500 | 1550 | 270 | 348.75 |
Slabs | ||||||
Cement (CEM I 32.5) (EN 15804 A1-A3) | 1200 | kg | 94,800 | 1500 | 63.2 | 79.00 |
Gravel 2/32 | 1200 | kg | 284,490 | 1500 | 189.66 | 237.08 |
Reinforced steel (wire) (EN 15804 A1-A3) | 1200 | kg | 283,500 | 7500 | 37.8 | 236.25 |
Interior walls | ||||||
Bricks vertically perforated (EN 15804 A1-A3) | 1200 | kg | 33,800 | 2000 | 16.9 | 28.17 |
Normal mortar (A1-A3) | 1200 | kg | 8960 | 1600 | 5.6 | 7.47 |
Exterior frames | ||||||
Timber pine (12% moisture; 10.7% H2O content) (EN 15804 A1-A3) | 600 | kg | 2175 | 750 | 2.9 | 3.63 |
Window glass | 600 | kg | 1250 | 2500 | 0.5 | 2.08 |
Interior frames | ||||||
Timber pine (12% moisture; 10.7% H2O content) (EN 15804 A1-A3) | 600 | kg | 2580 | 750 | 3.44 | 4.30 |
Flooring | ||||||
Tile adhesive (EN 15804 A1-A3) | 600 | kg | 3s90 | 1500 | 0.26 | 0.65 |
Stoneware tiles, glazed (EN 15804 A1-A3) | 300 | kg | 1800 | 2000 | 0.9 | 6.00 |
Laminate flooring DPL (Mix)-Egger (A1-A3) | 300 | m2 | 317 | - | 6.34 | 1.06 |
Coverings | ||||||
Insulation system | 300 | m3 | 32.86 | |||
Paint emulsion (building, exterior, white) (A5) | 120 | kg | 358.4 | 1400 | 0.256 | 2.99 |
Insulation System | Density [kg/m3] |
---|---|
Clay plaster (current state) | 1600 |
Lightweight plaster (lime-cement) | 1350 |
Reinforcement (mineral) | 1450 |
Silicate dispersion plaster | 1600 |
Synthetic resin plaster (EN15804 A1-A3) | 1600 |
Air conditioning | ||
5.3 kW (18,000 Btu), 8 h/day, 31 days, six apartments | kWh | 7850 |
Wood heating | ||
7.5kg wood/d (5.5 h/d), 31 days, six apartments | kg | 1395 |
KWh | 7521.1 |
Category | Suggested Model | Unit of Measurement |
---|---|---|
Acidification Potential | CML [Jan. 2016] [26] | kg SO2-eq |
Global Warming Potential (GWP, 100 years) | CML [Jan. 2016] | kg CO2-eq |
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) | CML [Jan. 2016] | kg R11eq |
Human Toxicity | USEtox [27] | CTUh |
Ecotoxicity | USEtox | CTUe |
Freshwater Eutrophication | ReCiPe [28] | kg Peq |
Marine Eutrophication | ReCiPe | kg Neq |
Particulate Matter | ReCiPe | kg PM2.5-eq |
Photochemical Ozone Formation | ReCiPe | kg NMVOC-eq |
Fresh Water Consumption | ReCiPe | m3 |
Fossil Depletion | ReCiPe | kg oileq |
Scenario | Insulation | Thermal Insulation | Comment |
0 | Clay Plaster | No | Initial situation |
A | Mineral light plaster | No | No indication of energy saving |
B | Mineral scratch plaster | No | No indication of energy saving |
C | Silicate dispersion plaster | No | No indication of energy saving |
D | Synthetic resin plaster | No | No indication of energy saving |
E | Mineral light plaster | Cellulose fiber | 20% energy saving |
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Share and Cite
Karoglou, M.; Kyvelou, S.S.; Boukouvalas, C.; Theofani, C.; Bakolas, A.; Krokida, M.; Moropoulou, A. Towards a Preservation–Sustainability Nexus: Applying LCA to Reduce the Environmental Footprint of Modern Built Heritage. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6147. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216147
Karoglou M, Kyvelou SS, Boukouvalas C, Theofani C, Bakolas A, Krokida M, Moropoulou A. Towards a Preservation–Sustainability Nexus: Applying LCA to Reduce the Environmental Footprint of Modern Built Heritage. Sustainability. 2019; 11(21):6147. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216147
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaroglou, Maria, Stella Sofia Kyvelou, Christos Boukouvalas, Chryssa Theofani, Asterios Bakolas, Magdalini Krokida, and Antonia Moropoulou. 2019. "Towards a Preservation–Sustainability Nexus: Applying LCA to Reduce the Environmental Footprint of Modern Built Heritage" Sustainability 11, no. 21: 6147. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216147