Global Variation in Climate, Human Development, and Population Density Has Implications for Urban Ecosystem Services
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of Urban Areas
2.2. Review of Urban Ecosystem Services Literature
3. Results
3.1. Global Variation in Urban Climate, Human Development, and Population Density
3.2. Representativeness of Published Research into Urban Ecosystem Services
4. Discussion
4.1. Variation between Cities and Implications for Ecosystem Services
4.1.1. Implications of Climatic Variation for Urban Ecosystem Services
4.1.2. Implications of Variation in HDI for Urban Ecosystem Services
4.1.3. Implications of Population Density Variation for Urban Ecosystem Services
4.2. Representativeness of Published Research into Urban Ecosystem Services
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Climate Zone | Köppen Climate Zones Included | Description | Number of Urban Areas |
---|---|---|---|
1. Tropical rainforest | Af | Minimum temperature of coldest month above 18 °C, precipitation of the driest month above 60 mm | 130 |
2. Tropical monsoon | Am | Minimum temperature of coldest month above 18 °C, accumulated annual precipitation above 25 (100—minimum precipitation of the driest month) | 134 |
3. Savanna | Aw | Minimum temperature of coldest month above 18 °C, precipitation of the driest month above 60 mm in winter | 397 |
4. Hot desert or arid | BWh, BSh | Mean temperature for the year above or equal to 18 °C, annual precipitation less than 10× Pth | 391 |
5. Cold desert or arid | BWk, BSk | Mean temperature for the year below or equal to 18 °C, annual precipitation less than 10× Pth | 465 |
6. Mediterranean | Csa, Csb, Csc | Minimum temperature of coldest month above −3 °C and temperature minimum of warmest month no greater than 18 °C, dry warm seasons with minimum monthly precipitation in cold seasons greater than the warm seasons, cold season maximum precipitation greater than 3× warm season minimum precipitation, and warm season minimum precipitation less than 40 mm/month. | 345 |
7. Subtropical | Cwa, Cwb, Cwc, Cfa | Minimum temperature of coldest month above −3 °C and minimum temperature of warmest month no more than 18 °C, dry cold seasons with minimum cold season precipitation less than warm season minimum precipitation and warm season maximum precipitation greater than 10× cold season minimum precipitation; also includes areas with wet humid conditions year round and temperature maximums >22 °C | 1491 |
8. Oceanic | Cfb, Cfc | Minimum temperature of coldest month above −3 °C and minimum temperature of warmest month no more than 18 °C, wet and humid conditions year round, and at least 4 months with mean temperatures greater than 10 °C or minimum temperatures of the coldest month no less than −38 °C, but no maximum temperatures greater than 22 °C | 602 |
9. Hot or warm continental | Dsa, Dsb, Dwa, Dwb, Dfa, Dfb | Minimum temperature of coldest month less than −3 °C and summer maximum temperatures greater than 22 °C or at least 4 months with mean temperatures above 10 °C | 1819 |
10. Cold continental | Dsc, Dsd, Dwc, Dwd, Dfc, Dfd | Minimum temperature of coldest month less than −3 °C, maximum temperatures no more than 22 °C, and no more than 3 months with mean temperatures above 10 °C | 141 |
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Richards, D.; Masoudi, M.; Oh, R.R.Y.; Yando, E.S.; Zhang, J.; Friess, D.A.; Grêt-Regamey, A.; Tan, P.Y.; Edwards, P.J. Global Variation in Climate, Human Development, and Population Density Has Implications for Urban Ecosystem Services. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6200. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226200
Richards D, Masoudi M, Oh RRY, Yando ES, Zhang J, Friess DA, Grêt-Regamey A, Tan PY, Edwards PJ. Global Variation in Climate, Human Development, and Population Density Has Implications for Urban Ecosystem Services. Sustainability. 2019; 11(22):6200. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226200
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichards, Daniel, Mahyar Masoudi, Rachel R. Y. Oh, Erik S. Yando, Jingyuan Zhang, Daniel A. Friess, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey, Puay Yok Tan, and Peter J. Edwards. 2019. "Global Variation in Climate, Human Development, and Population Density Has Implications for Urban Ecosystem Services" Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6200. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226200