Self-Deprecation or Self-Sufficient? Discrimination and Income Aspirations in Urban Labour Market Sustainable Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Theoretical Framework
2.1.1. Influence Mechanism between Discrimination, Individual Aspiration and Performance
2.1.2. Define Sustainable Development
2.1.3. Linking Psychology with Sustainable Development
2.2. Data
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Dependent Variable
2.3.2. Independent Variables
2.3.3. Control Variables
2.4. Statistical Modelling
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Linear Regression Estimation
3.3. Propensity Score Matching Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Overall (3534 obs.) | Local People (2980 obs.) | Urban-Urban Migrants (284 obs.) | Rural-Urban Migrants (270 obs.) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | |
Dependent variable | ||||
Income aspiration | 60,398.59 | 55,505.15 | 104,363.7 | 68,162.91 |
Independent variable | ||||
Current income | 28,415.37 | 24,858.87 | 59,708.46 | 34,752.85 |
Demographic | ||||
Age | 39.34 | 40.28 | 35.14 | 33.36 |
Male | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
Married | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.73 | 0.76 |
Number of children | 1.13 | 1.17 | 0.75 | 1.06 |
Highest education level | ||||
Illiteracy (Ref.) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
Compulsory education | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.14 | 0.55 |
Senior high school | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.26 |
University | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.13 |
Family background | ||||
Father’s highest education level | ||||
Illiteracy (Ref.) | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.27 |
Compulsory education | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.59 |
Senior high school | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.13 |
University | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
Mother’s highest education level | ||||
Illiteracy (Ref.) | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.43 |
Compulsory education | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
Senior high school | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.04 |
University | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Self-evaluated SES | 4.22 | 4.24 | 4.40 | 3.87 |
Health status | ||||
Good health | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.75 | 0.79 |
Standard health | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.14 |
Poor health | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
Employment status | ||||
Employed | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.69 |
Self-employed | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.31 |
Working in first-tier city | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.24 |
Dependent Variable (Income Aspirations) | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|
Local hukou status | −0.2154*** (0.0580) | |
Rural hukou status | −0.2948** (0.1271) | |
Log of current income | 0.1164*** (0.0064) | 0.1365*** (0.0165) |
Socio-demographic factors | ||
Age | 0.0005 (0.0026) | −0.0071 (0.0074) |
Male | 0.2743*** (0.0420) | 0.3058** (0.1071) |
Married | 0.1360** (0.0618) | 0.1580 (0.1499) |
Number of children | −0.0206 (0.0322) | 0.0442 (0.0927) |
Respondents’ highest education level (Ref. Illiteracy) | ||
Compulsory education | 0.3624** (0.1432) | 0.4797 (0.3086) |
Senior high school | 0.6355*** (0.1469) | 0.8801** (0.3252) |
University | 0.9768*** (0.1513) | 1.0538** (0.3409) |
Father’s highest education level (Ref. Illiteracy) | ||
Compulsory education | 0.1065* (0.0578) | 0.0267 (0.1668) |
Senior high school | 0.0986 (0.0792) | −0.1258 (0.2186) |
University | 0.0698 (0.1109) | 0.1220 (0.2973) |
Mother’s highest education level (Ref. Illiteracy) | ||
Compulsory education | 0.1223** (0.0531) | 0.1569 (0.1456) |
Senior high school | 0.1382 (0.0869) | 0.2308 (0.2215) |
University | 0.0484 (0.1561) | 0.2135 (0.3633) |
Self-evaluated SES | 0.0226* (0.0125) | 0.0012 (0.0329) |
Health status (Ref. Poor health) | ||
Good health | 0.1269 (0.0795) | −0.0039 (0.2188) |
Standard health | 0.0923 (0.0859) | −0.0890 (0.2421) |
Employment status | ||
Employed | −0.1967*** (0.0503) | −0.4742*** (0.1197) |
Working in first-tier city | 0.3271*** (0.0552) | 0.1565 (0.1133) |
Observations | 3534 | 554 |
Propensity Arithmetic | Difference in ATT | S.E. | T-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Panel A: Local Individuals and Migrants | |||
1-to-1 NNM | −0.2771 | 0.0922 | −3.01 |
1-to-5 NNM | −0.1932 | 0.0839 | −2.30 |
Radius matching | −0.2282 | 0.0807 | −2.83 |
LL matching | −0.1877 | 0.0922 | −2.04 |
Kernel matching | −0.2867 | 0.0743 | −3.86 |
Panel B: Urban-urban Migrants and Rural-urban Migrants | |||
1-to-1 NNM | −0.3205 | 0.1881 | −1.70 |
1-to-5 NNM | −0.2624 | 0.1527 | −1.74 |
Radius matching | −0.3623 | 0.1634 | −2.22 |
LL matching | −0.2177 | 0.1880 | −1.16 |
Kernel matching | −0.3237 | 0.1455 | −2.22 |
Panel C: Urban-urban Migrants and Local Individuals | |||
1-to-1 NNM | 0.2794 | 0.0944 | 2.96 |
1-to-5 NNM | 0.2983 | 0.0780 | 3.82 |
Radius matching | 0.2984 | 0.0716 | 4.17 |
LL matching | 0.3272 | 0.0944 | 3.47 |
Kernel matching | 0.4014 | 0.0667 | 6.02 |
Panel D: Rural-urban Migrants and Local Individuals | |||
1-to-1 NNM | 0.0333 | 0.1320 | 0.25 |
1-to-5 NNM | 0.0746 | 0.1088 | 0.69 |
Radius matching | 0.0746 | 0.1114 | 0.67 |
LL matching | 0.0892 | 0.1320 | 0.68 |
Kernel matching | 0.0859 | 0.1069 | 0.80 |
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Li, D.; Weng, Y.; Yang, X.; Zhao, K. Self-Deprecation or Self-Sufficient? Discrimination and Income Aspirations in Urban Labour Market Sustainable Development. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6278. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226278
Li D, Weng Y, Yang X, Zhao K. Self-Deprecation or Self-Sufficient? Discrimination and Income Aspirations in Urban Labour Market Sustainable Development. Sustainability. 2019; 11(22):6278. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226278
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Dan, Yulei Weng, Xiaocong Yang, and Kai Zhao. 2019. "Self-Deprecation or Self-Sufficient? Discrimination and Income Aspirations in Urban Labour Market Sustainable Development" Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6278. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226278