A Study on Multi-Objective Parametric Design Tool for Surround-Type Movable Shading Device
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of Proposed Parametric Algorithm and Multipurpose Optimization
2.2. Outline of the Four-Axis Movable Shading Device
2.2.1. Surround-Type Shade Overview
2.2.2. Simulation Conditions
2.2.3. Basic Design Rule Applied to the Shading Device
2.3. Environmental Conditions and Performance Criteria Setup
2.3.1. Climate Condition and Basic Test for Daylight Environment
2.3.2. Performance Criteria Setup
3. Results
3.1. Parametric Design Tool and Design Process
3.2. Example of Generated Forms and Performance Evaluation
3.3. Appropriate Shapes of Shade According to Changes in Time
4. Discussion
4.1. Performance Evaluation Results
4.1.1. Radiation Reduction Evaluations Results
4.1.2. DGP Reduction Evaluation Results
4.1.3. Indoor Illuminance Evaluation Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Information | |
---|---|---|
Location | City | Seoul, South Korea (37° 34′N, 126° 57′E, 87 m) Climate Type 4 (ASHRAE) |
Window size and shading device | Glazed face orientation | South, East |
Window height (mm) | 1800 | |
Window width (mm) | 2700 | |
Maximum/minimum protrusion length (mm) | 1000/200 | |
Reflectance of fabric (%) | 80 | |
Transmittance of fabric (%) | 20 | |
Elasticity of fabric (%) | 20 | |
RGB of fabric | 0.2 | |
RGB | 0.18 | |
Floor | R-value (W/m2 K) | 3.448 |
RGB | 0.85 | |
Wall | R-value (W/m2 K) | 3.703 |
RGB | 0.6 | |
Window (clear, double glazed) | U-value (Wm−2 K−1) | 1.17 |
SHGC | 0.81 | |
VT | 0.647 | |
RGB | 0.86 | |
Roof | R-value (W/m2 K) | 5.555 |
Work plane | 800 (H) | |
Daylighting | Illuminance measurement point DGP measurement point | L1–L5 (Figure 3) L3 (Figure 3) |
South | Time | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
Shape | |||||||||||||
Summer Solstice (6/21) | No Shade | Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.174 | 0.241 | 0.277 | 0.290 | 0.329 | 0.389 | 0.409 | 0.372 | 0.290 | 0.211 | 0.133 |
DGP | 0.257 | 0.271 | 0.283 | 0.293 | 0.304 | 0.306 | 0.294 | 0.285 | 0.274 | 0.260 | 0.244 | ||
Movable Shade | p1 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 650 | 350 | 250 | 200 | 200 | 200 | |
p2 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 250 | 300 | 400 | 800 | 650 | 450 | 200 | 200 | 200 | ||
p3 (Length) | 200 | 250 | 500 | 600 | 600 | 400 | 350 | 250 | 200 | 200 | 200 | ||
p4 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 350 | 200 | 500 | 250 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | ||
Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.142 | 0.208 | 0.195 | 0.195 | 0.205 | 0.185 | 0.234 | 0.245 | 0.223 | 0.17 | 0.109 | ||
DGP | 0.255 | 0.268 | 0.276 | 0.284 | 0.291 | 0.291 | 0.284 | 0.278 | 0.27 | 0.257 | 0.244 | ||
Shielding Rate (%) | 100 | 98.11 | 99.72 | 95.21 | 98.93 | 99.88 | 98.66 | 97.77 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||
L1 (Illuminance) | 1040 | 1622 | 1827 | 1952 | 1682 | 1910 | 2218 | 2298 | 2170 | 1668 | 1263 | ||
L2 (Illumination) | 438 | 660 | 738 | 785 | 707 | 804 | 884 | 897 | 896 | 723 | 566 | ||
L3 (Illuminance) | 204 | 324 | 340 | 365 | 340 | 383 | 428 | 436 | 426 | 352 | 279 | ||
L4 (Illuminance) | 127 | 185 | 207 | 227 | 207 | 223 | 257 | 264 | 263 | 220 | 176 | ||
L5 (Illuminance) | 97 | 157 | 167 | 175 | 171 | 185 | 210 | 218 | 199 | 169 | 136 | ||
Average (Lux) | 381.2 | 589.6 | 655.8 | 700.8 | 621.4 | 701 | 799.4 | 822.6 | 790.8 | 626.4 | 484 | ||
Uniformity Ratio | 0.254 | 0.266 | 0.255 | 0.250 | 0.275 | 0.264 | 0.263 | 0.265 | 0.252 | 0.270 | 0.281 | ||
South | Time | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
Winter Solstice (12/21) | No Shade | Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.016 | 0.210 | 0.610 | 1.054 | 1.369 | 1.420 | 1.191 | 0.831 | 0.400 | 0.072 | NIGHT |
DGP | 0.248 | 0.315 | 0.373 | 0.375 | 0.367 | 0.368 | 0.375 | 0.372 | 0.321 | 0.249 | |||
Movable Shade | p1 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 250 | 300 | 200 | 400 | 200 | 450 | 200 | 200 | ||
p2 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 450 | 300 | 200 | 550 | 600 | 750 | 200 | 200 | |||
p3 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 800 | 650 | 600 | 200 | 350 | 650 | 200 | 200 | |||
p4 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 600 | 400 | 500 | 200 | 300 | 500 | 200 | 200 | |||
Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.014 | 0.184 | 0.41 | 0.818 | 1.147 | 1.197 | 0.964 | 0.562 | 0.353 | 0.244 | |||
DGP | 0.242 | 0.312 | 0.346 | 0.349 | 0.349 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.344 | 0.317 | 0.063 | |||
Shielding Rate (%) | 12.11 | 10.99 | 32.64 | 21.51 | 14.91 | 14.67 | 18.27 | 31.86 | 10.99 | 13.32 | |||
L1 (Illuminance) | - | 266 | 1613 | 8846 | 17,184 | 22,281 | 19,925 | 10,690 | 3072 | 712 | |||
L2 (Illuminance) | - | 115 | 749 | 1623 | 15,127 | 20,794 | 18,522 | 1693 | 1386 | 373 | |||
L3 (Illumination) | - | 54 | 421 | 921 | 1311 | 1412 | 1248 | 906 | 813 | 204 | |||
L4 (Illumination) | - | 34 | 261 | 571 | 886 | 962 | 844 | 576 | 510 | 126 | |||
L5 (Illumination) | - | 26 | 211 | 480 | 705 | 805 | 709 | 469 | 373 | 95 | |||
Average (Lux) | - | 99 | 651 | 2488.2 | 7042.6 | 9250.8 | 8249.6 | 2866.8 | 1230.8 | 302 | |||
Uniformity Ratio | 0.263 | 0.324 | 0.193 | 0.100 | 0.087 | 0.086 | 0.164 | 0.303 | 0.315 |
East | Time | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
Summer Solstice (6/21) | No Shade | Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.268 | 0.352 | 0.318 | 0.304 | 0.297 | 0.292 | 0.283 | 0.279 | 0.273 | 0.263 | 0.248 |
DGP | 0.368 | 0.335 | 0.328 | 0.308 | 0.294 | 0.271 | 0.245 | 0.217 | 0.182 | 0.150 | 0.105 | ||
Movable Shade | p1 (Length) | 550 | 700 | 850 | 550 | 400 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | |
p2 (Length) | 850 | 1000 | 1000 | 800 | 500 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | ||
p3 (Length) | 950 | 950 | 950 | 600 | 300 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | ||
p4 (Length) | 900 | 650 | 750 | 250 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | ||
Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.136 | 0.153 | 0.136 | 0.172 | 0.204 | 0.22 | 0.202 | 0.181 | 0.154 | 0.127 | 0.089 | ||
DGP | 0.334 | 0.313 | 0.297 | 0.29 | 0.288 | 0.288 | 0.28 | 0.276 | 0.269 | 0.262 | 0.251 | ||
Shielding Rate (%) | 32.84 | 46.49 | 79.13 | 88.23 | 99.78 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||
L1 (Illuminance) | 1122 | 1976 | 1513 | 1747 | 1932 | 2192 | 1910 | 1786 | 1545 | 1309 | 1078 | ||
L2 (Illuminance) | 643 | 685 | 614 | 753 | 803 | 882 | 791 | 803 | 713 | 617 | 511 | ||
L3 (Illuminance) | 270 | 333 | 325 | 378 | 395 | 408 | 374 | 399 | 360 | 314 | 261 | ||
L4 (Illuminance) | 147 | 223 | 215 | 221 | 218 | 235 | 219 | 241 | 219 | 193 | 160 | ||
L5 (Illuminance) | 127 | 170 | 168 | 185 | 196 | 192 | 182 | 205 | 188 | 166 | 138 | ||
Average (Lux) | 461.8 | 677.4 | 567 | 656.8 | 708.8 | 781.8 | 695.2 | 686.8 | 605 | 519.8 | 429.6 | ||
Uniformity Ratio | 0.275 | 0.251 | 0.296 | 0.282 | 0.277 | 0.246 | 0.262 | 0.298 | 0.311 | 0.319 | 0.321 | ||
East | Time | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
Winter Solstice (12/21) | No Shade | Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.017 | 0.199 | 0.459 | 0.515 | 0.309 | 0.122 | 0.114 | 0.106 | 0.066 | 0.023 | NIGHT |
DGP | 0.269 | 0.313 | 0.369 | 0.308 | 0.273 | 0.255 | 0.251 | 0.244 | 0.228 | 0.215 | |||
Movable Shade | p1 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | ||
p2 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 350 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | |||
p3 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 250 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | |||
p4 (Length) | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | |||
Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.014 | 0.173 | 0.366 | 0.394 | 0.222 | 0.1 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.02 | |||
DGP | 0.265 | 0.304 | 0.344 | 0.29 | 0.259 | 0.254 | 0.249 | 0.244 | 0.228 | 0.213 | |||
Shielding Rate (%) | 4.67 | 9.19 | 19.72 | 28.1 | 71.65 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
L1 (Illuminance) | - | 275 | 1786 | 2158 | 1557 | 940 | 840 | 994 | 719 | 331 | |||
L2 (Illuminance) | - | 121 | 874 | 1031 | 726 | 461 | 421 | 482 | 359 | 171 | |||
L3 (Illuminance) | - | 58 | 471 | 533 | 379 | 250 | 232 | 251 | 191 | 92 | |||
L4 (Illuminance) | - | 34 | 287 | 319 | 233 | 162 | 152 | 156 | 120 | 58 | |||
L5 (Illuminance) | - | 29 | 219 | 258 | 198 | 148 | 140 | 135 | 105 | 51 | |||
Average (Lux) | - | 103.4 | 727.4 | 859.8 | 618.6 | 392.2 | 357 | 403.6 | 298.8 | 140.6 | |||
Uniformity Ratio | 0.280 | 0.301 | 0.300 | 0.320 | 0.377 | 0.392 | 0.334 | 0.351 | 0.363 |
South | Time | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
Summer Solstice (6/21) | Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.174 | 0.241 | 0.277 | 0.290 | 0.329 | 0.389 | 0.409 | 0.372 | 0.290 | 0.211 | 0.133 | |
DGP | 0.257 | 0.271 | 0.283 | 0.293 | 0.304 | 0.306 | 0.294 | 0.285 | 0.274 | 0.260 | 0.244 | ||
L1 (Illuminance) | 1273 | 2090 | 2675 | 3026 | 2819 | 3612 | 3812 | 3378 | 2685 | 2030 | 1520 | ||
L2 (Illuminance) | 509 | 817 | 1028 | 1154 | 1071 | 1306 | 1364 | 1243 | 1043 | 837 | 653 | ||
No Shade | L3 (Illuminance) | 244 | 386 | 479 | 533 | 505 | 601 | 627 | 589 | 504 | 414 | 328 | |
L4 (Illuminance) | 144 | 224 | 273 | 302 | 291 | 338 | 352 | 342 | 297 | 249 | 199 | ||
L5 (Illuminance) | 112 | 173 | 208 | 228 | 223 | 257 | 268 | 265 | 232 | 196 | 157 | ||
Ave. Illumination (Lx) | 456.4 | 738 | 932.6 | 1048.6 | 981.8 | 1222.8 | 1284.6 | 1163.4 | 952.2 | 745.2 | 571.4 | ||
Uniformity Ratio | 0.245 | 0.234 | 0.223 | 0.217 | 0.227 | 0.210 | 0.209 | 0.228 | 0.244 | 0.263 | 0.275 | ||
Winter Solstice (12/21) | Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.016 | 0.210 | 0.610 | 1.054 | 1.369 | 1.420 | 1.191 | 0.831 | 0.400 | 0.072 | ||
DGP | 0.248 | 0.315 | 0.373 | 0.375 | 0.367 | 0.368 | 0.375 | 0.372 | 0.321 | 0.249 | |||
No Shade | L1 (Illuminance) | - | 322 | 3726 | 10,322 | 18,382 | 22,960 | 20,890 | 12,596 | 6339 | 834 | ||
L2 (Illuminance) | - | 133 | 1218 | 2493 | 16,071 | 21,440 | 19,278 | 2767 | 1591 | 429 | |||
L3 (Illuminance) | - | 65 | 664 | 1331 | 1756 | 1756 | 1665 | 1402 | 939 | 235 | NIGHT | ||
L4 (Illuminance) | - | 38 | 407 | 829 | 1163 | 1208 | 1146 | 900 | 581 | 144 | |||
L5 (Illuminance) | - | 30 | 309 | 645 | 906 | 982 | 925 | 692 | 443 | 108 | |||
Ave. Illumination (Lx) | 117.6 | 1264.8 | 3124 | 7655.6 | 9669.2 | 8780.8 | 3671.4 | 1978.6 | 350 | ||||
Uniformity Ratio | 0.255 | 0.244 | 0.206 | 0.118 | 0.102 | 0.105 | 0.188 | 0.224 | 0.309 | ||||
East | Time | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
Summer Solstice (6/21) | Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.268 | 0.352 | 0.318 | 0.304 | 0.297 | 0.292 | 0.283 | 0.279 | 0.273 | 0.263 | 0.248 | |
DGP | 0.368 | 0.335 | 0.328 | 0.308 | 0.294 | 0.271 | 0.245 | 0.217 | 0.182 | 0.150 | 0.105 | ||
L1 (Illuminance) | 2142 | 3875 | 4065 | 3366 | 2911 | 2723 | 2353 | 2149 | 1841 | 1550 | 1274 | ||
L2 (Illuminance) | 1053 | 1401 | 1373 | 1275 | 1100 | 1014 | 906 | 911 | 807 | 696 | 577 | ||
No Shade | L3 (Illuminance) | 635 | 696 | 649 | 601 | 530 | 488 | 944 | 468 | 421 | 367 | 305 | |
L4 (Illuminance) | 222 | 329 | 321 | 297 | 269 | 249 | 233 | 257 | 234 | 206 | 171 | ||
L5 (Illuminance) | 184 | 268 | 260 | 241 | 223 | 207 | 195 | 220 | 201 | 177 | 147 | ||
Ave. Illumination (Lx) | 847.2 | 1313.8 | 1333.6 | 1156 | 1006.6 | 936.2 | 926.2 | 801 | 700.8 | 599.2 | 494.8 | ||
Uniformity Ratio | 0.217 | 0.204 | 0.195 | 0.208 | 0.222 | 0.221 | 0.211 | 0.275 | 0.287 | 0.295 | 0.297 | ||
Winter Solstice (12/21) | Radiation (kWh/m2) | 0.017 | 0.199 | 0.459 | 0.515 | 0.309 | 0.122 | 0.114 | 0.106 | 0.066 | 0.023 | ||
DGP | 0.269 | 0.313 | 0.369 | 0.308 | 0.273 | 0.255 | 0.251 | 0.244 | 0.228 | 0.215 | |||
No Shade | L1 (Illuminance) | - | 331 | 2282 | 2649 | 1971 | 1121 | 987 | 1173 | 840 | 382 | ||
L2 (Illuminance) | - | 138 | 1106 | 1221 | 887 | 526 | 475 | 544 | 404 | 191 | |||
L3 (Illuminance) | - | 69 | 594 | 640 | 473 | 291 | 267 | 292 | 221 | 106 | NIGHT | ||
L4 (Illuminance) | - | 36 | 327 | 357 | 265 | 174 | 163 | 166 | 128 | 62 | |||
L5 (Illuminance) | - | 31 | 264 | 284 | 223 | 156 | 147 | 144 | 112 | 55 | |||
Ave. Illumination(Lx) | - | 121 | 914.6 | 1030.2 | 763.8 | 453.6 | 407.8 | 463.8 | 341 | 159.2 | |||
Uniformity Ratio | - | 0.256 | 0.289 | 0.276 | 0.292 | 0.344 | 0.360 | 0.310 | 0.328 | 0.345 |
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Kim, H.-J.; Yang, C.-S.; Moon, H.J. A Study on Multi-Objective Parametric Design Tool for Surround-Type Movable Shading Device. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7096. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247096
Kim H-J, Yang C-S, Moon HJ. A Study on Multi-Objective Parametric Design Tool for Surround-Type Movable Shading Device. Sustainability. 2019; 11(24):7096. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247096
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Ho-Jeong, Chang-Seok Yang, and Hyeun Jun Moon. 2019. "A Study on Multi-Objective Parametric Design Tool for Surround-Type Movable Shading Device" Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7096. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247096