Size, Internationalization, and University Rankings: Evaluating and Predicting Times Higher Education (THE) Data for Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) (originally compiled and issued by Shanghai Jiao Tong University), founded in 2003;
- (2)
- Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings, founded in 2010 (THE–QS World University Ranking, in partnership with QS, 2004–2009);
- (3)
- Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Rankings, founded in 2010 (THE–QS World University Ranking, in partnership with THE, 2004–2009).
“The Times Higher Education World University Rankings, founded in 2004, provide the definitive list of the world’s best universities, evaluated across teaching, research, international outlook, reputation, and more. THE’s data are trusted by governments and universities and are a vital resource for students, helping them choose where to study.”
“The Times Higher Education Japan University Rankings 2018, based on 13 individual performance metrics, are designed to answer the questions that matter most to students and their families when making one of the most important decisions of their lives—who to trust with their education.This year’s methodology includes the same 11 indicators as last year, as well as two additional internationalization measures: the number of students in international exchange programs, and the number of courses taught in a language other than Japanese.The rankings include the top-ranked 150 universities by overall score, as well as any other university that is in the top 150 for any of the four performance pillars (resources, engagement, outcomes, and environment). Scores in each pillar are provided when the university is in the top 150, while a dash (“–”) indicates that the institution is not ranked in the top 150 for that pillar.Institutions outside the top 150 are shown with a banded rank (“151+”) and a banded score (“9.4–38.2”: these two numbers represent the lowest and highest scores of all universities ranked outside the top 150), and are displayed in alphabetical order.”
- (i).
- Are private or non-private universities more highly ranked?
- (ii).
- Are private or non-private universities larger in terms of size?
- (iii).
- Do private or non-private universities have a higher degree of internationalization?
- (iv).
- Do the size, internationalization, and rankings of private and non-private universities change over time?
- (v).
- Are there differences in the effects of size and internationalization on the rankings of private universities?
- (vi).
- Are there differences in the effects of size and internationalization on the rankings of non-private universities?
- (vii).
- Do the effects of size and internationalization change over time for private and non-private universities?
2. Data and Descriptive Statistics
3. Empirical Analysis
4. Concluding Remarks
- (i).
- Are private or non-private universities more highly ranked? (Non-private)
- (ii).
- Are private or non-private universities larger in terms of size? (Private)
- (iii).
- Do private or non-private universities have a higher degree of internationalization? (In general, private)
- (iv).
- Do the size, internationalization, and rankings of private and non-private universities change over time? (Slightly)
- (v).
- Are there differences in the effects of size and internationalization on the rankings of private universities? (Yes)
- (vi).
- Are there differences in the effects of size and internationalization on the rankings of non-private universities? (Yes)
- (vii).
- Do the effects of size and internationalization change over time for private and non-private universities? (Not between 2017 and 2018)
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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University | Rank | Type | Prefecture | IntStud |
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | ||||
Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (APU) | 24 | Private | Oita | 46.50 |
Digital Hollywood University | 151+ | Private | Tokyo | 35.10 |
Kobe International University | 151+ | Private | Hyogo | 31.00 |
Tokyo Fuji University | 151+ | Private | Tokyo | 30.60 |
Okayama Shoka University | 151+ | Private | Okayama | 22.90 |
Tokuyama University | 151+ | Private | Yamaguchi | 21.00 |
Hokuriku University | 151+ | Private | Ishikawa | 20.40 |
(b) | ||||
Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (APU) | 21 | Private | Oita | 53.40 |
Osaka University of Tourism | 151+ | Private | Osaka | 38.90 |
Kobe International University | 151+ | Private | Hyogo | 24.10 |
Hokuriku University | 151+ | Private | Ishikawa | 20.90 |
Kanagawa Dental University | 151+ | Private | Kanagawa | 20.50 |
Akita International University | 12 | Public | Akita | 20.40 |
Osaka University of Economics and Law | 151+ | Private | Osaka | 20.10 |
University | Rank | Type | Prefecture | IntStud |
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | ||||
Osaka University of Economics and Law | 151+ | Private | Osaka | 16.70 |
Hagoromo University of International Studies | 151+ | Private | Osaka | 15.50 |
Meikai University | 141–150 | Private | Chiba | 14.90 |
Sanyo Gakuen University | 151+ | Private | Okayama | 14.80 |
Nagoya Keizai University | 151+ | Private | Aichi | 14.40 |
Takaoka University of Law | 151+ | Private | Toyama | 12.70 |
Osaka Sangyo University | 151+ | Private | Osaka | 12.50 |
Kanto Gakuen University | 151+ | Private | Gunma | 11.70 |
Nagaoka University of Technology | 17 | National | Niigata | 11.50 |
Ashikaga Institute of Technology | 151+ | Private | Tochigi | 11.10 |
Seigakuin University | 151+ | Private | Saitama | 11.00 |
Kibi International University | 151+ | Private | Okayama | 10.70 |
Tokyo Institute of Technology | 4 | National | Tokyo | 10.70 |
Tokyo International University | 141–150 | Private | Saitama | 10.40 |
Nagasaki International University | 151+ | Private | Nagasaki | 10.30 |
Reitaku University | 101–110 | Private | Chiba | 10.30 |
(b) | ||||
Nagoya Keizai University | 151+ | Private | Aichi | 18.50 |
Josai International University | 151+ | Private | Chiba | 17.40 |
Meikai University | 151+ | Private | Chiba | 16.40 |
Tokyo International University | 151+ | Private | Saitama | 16.00 |
Nagoya University of Commerce & Business | 111–120 | Private | Aichi | 15.90 |
Hagoromo University of International Studies | 151+ | Private | Osaka | 15.60 |
Shizuoka Eiwa Gakuin University | 151+ | Private | Shizuoka | 15.60 |
Seigakuin University | 151+ | Private | Saitama | 14.10 |
Osaka Sangyo University | 151+ | Private | Osaka | 13.30 |
The University of Tokyo | 1 | National | Tokyo | 12.40 |
Reitaku University | 121–130 | Private | Chiba | 12.20 |
Tohoku University | 3 | National | Miyagi | 11.60 |
Hitotsubashi University | 14 | National | Tokyo | 11.50 |
Nagaoka University of Technology | 21 | National | Niigata | 11.50 |
University of Tsukuba | 9 | National | Ibaraki | 11.50 |
Tokyo Institute of Technology | 4 | National | Tokyo | 10.90 |
Kyushu University | 5 | National | Fukuoka | 10.60 |
Waseda University | 11 | Private | Tokyo | 10.60 |
Nagasaki International University | 151+ | Private | Nagasaki | 10.40 |
Sophia University | 15 | Private | Tokyo | 10.40 |
International Christian University | 16 | Private | Tokyo | 10.00 |
University | Rank | Type | Prefecture | IntStud |
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | ||||
Hitotsubashi University | 14 | National | Tokyo | 9.80 |
Nagoya University | 4 | National | Aichi | 9.80 |
University of Tsukuba | 9 | National | Ibaraki | 9.50 |
Sophia University | 18 | Private | Tokyo | 9.40 |
Takushoku University | 151+ | Private | Tokyo | 9.40 |
The University of Tokyo | 1 | National | Tokyo | 9.20 |
Osaka University | 6 | National | Osaka | 8.40 |
Tokyo University of Foreign Studies | 27 | National | Tokyo | 8.00 |
Kyushu University | 7 | National | Fukuoka | 7.90 |
Fukuoka Women’s University | 48 | Public | Fukuoka | 7.80 |
Tohoku University | 2 | National | Miyagi | 7.50 |
Kyoto Gakuen University | 151+ | Private | Kyoto | 7.40 |
Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) | 38 | National | Tokyo | 7.20 |
Toyohashi University of Technology (TUT) | 37 | National | Aichi | 7.20 |
Tokyo University and Graduate School of Social Welfare | 151+ | Private | Gunma | 7.10 |
Waseda University | 10 | Private | Tokyo | 7.10 |
Ashiya University | 151+ | Private | Hyogo | 6.80 |
Hokkaido University | 8 | National | Hokkaido | 6.70 |
Yamanashi Gakuin University | 151+ | Private | Yamanashi | 6.70 |
Kyoto University | 3 | National | Kyoto | 6.60 |
Utsunomiya Kyowa University | 151+ | Private | Tochigi | 6.60 |
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology | 36 | National | Tokyo | 6.50 |
Yokohama National University | 33 | National | Kanagawa | 6.50 |
Toyama University of International Studies | 151+ | Private | Toyama | 6.40 |
Baiko Gakuin University | 151+ | Private | Yamaguchi | 6.10 |
Gifu Keizai University | 151+ | Private | Gifu | 6.10 |
Hiroshima University | 12 | National | Hiroshima | 5.80 |
International Christian University | 15 | Private | Tokyo | 5.70 |
Musashino University | 151+ | Private | Tokyo | 5.60 |
Musashino Art University | 151+ | Private | Tokyo | 5.50 |
Ryutsu Keizai University | 141–150 | Private | Ibaraki | 5.50 |
Kobe University | 13 | National | Hyogo | 5.40 |
Tokyo Polytechnic University | 151+ | Private | Kanagawa | 5.30 |
Sapporo University Women’s Junior College | 151+ | Private | Hokkaido | 5.20 |
Kyushu Sangyo University | 121–130 | Private | Fukuoka | 5.10 |
(b) | ||||
Fukuoka Women’s University | 62 | Public | Fukuoka | 9.00 |
Nagoya University | 7 | National | Aichi | 8.70 |
Tokyo University of Foreign Studies | 17 | National | Tokyo | 8.50 |
Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) | 39 | National | Tokyo | 8.40 |
Yokohama College of Commerce | 151+ | Private | Kanagawa | 8.20 |
Kyoto University | 1 | National | Kyoto | 8.00 |
Yokohama National University | 25 | National | Kanagawa | 7.80 |
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology | 41 | National | Tokyo | 7.60 |
Hokkaido University | 6 | National | Hokkaido | 7.50 |
Keio University | 10 | Private | Tokyo | 7.30 |
Osaka University | 8 | National | Osaka | 6.70 |
Hiroshima University | 13 | National | Hiroshima | 6.60 |
Toyohashi University of Technology (TUT) | 38 | National | Aichi | 6.60 |
Baiko Gakuin University | 151+ | Private | Yamaguchi | 6.40 |
Musashino Art University | 151+ | Private | Tokyo | 6.40 |
Tama Art University | 151+ | Private | Tokyo | 6.30 |
Musashino University | 151+ | Private | Tokyo | 6.20 |
Yamanashi Gakuin University | 151+ | Private | Yamanashi | 6.10 |
The University of Electro-Communications | 55 | National | Tokyo | 6.00 |
Kanazawa University | 20 | National | Ishikawa | 5.90 |
Ritsumeikan University | 23 | Private | Kyoto | 5.90 |
Kobe University | 18 | National | Hyogo | 5.80 |
Digital Hollywood University | 151+ | Private | Tokyo | 5.70 |
Kyoto University of Foreign Studies | 92 | Private | Kyoto | 5.70 |
Tokyo University of the Arts | 151+ | National | Tokyo | 5.60 |
Asia University | 151+ | Private | Tokyo | 5.30 |
Saitama University | 70 | National | Saitama | 5.20 |
Kyoto Institute of Technology | 42 | National | Kyoto | 5.10 |
Ochanomizu University | 32 | National | Tokyo | 5.10 |
2017 | 2018 | |
---|---|---|
(a) | ||
Intercept | 32.62 *** | 30.08 *** |
(4.78) | (5.07) | |
IntStud | 2.732 *** | 2.479 *** |
(0.493) | (0.319) | |
FTE (size) | 0.584 ** | 0.650 * |
(0.250) | (0.357) | |
Breusch–Pagan | 48.23 *** | 42.55 *** |
Jarque–Bera | 3.92 | 7.27 ** |
RESET | 43.72 *** | 45.44 *** |
Wald Test | 16.82 *** | 33.49 *** |
Observations | 100 | 101 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.254 | 0.301 |
Residual Standard Error | 24.98 (df = 97) | 24.43 (df = 98) |
(b) | ||
Intercept | 24.43 *** | 25.35 *** |
(6.70) | (7.86) | |
IntStud | 1.509 *** | 1.454 *** |
(0.138) | (0.214) | |
FTE (size) | 0.623 * | 0.623 |
(0.309) | (0.383) | |
Breusch–Pagan | 0.83 | 5.00 * |
Jarque–Bera | 1.80 | 1.13 |
RESET | 14.02 *** | 14.41 *** |
Wald Test | 60.62 *** | 23.97 *** |
Observations | 33 | 38 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.223 | 0.247 |
Residual Standard Error | 24.42 (df = 30) | 25.00 (df = 35) |
(c) | ||
Intercept | 13.21 ** | 11.00 ** |
(5.57) | (4.76) | |
IntStud | 6.560 *** | 5.067 *** |
(0.568) | (0.437) | |
FTE (size) | 1.646 *** | 1.985 *** |
(0.414) | (0.311) | |
Breusch–Pagan | 9.05 ** | 1.09 |
Jarque–Bera | 1.95 | 1.43 |
RESET | 3.24 ** | 7.11 *** |
Wald Test | 68.49 *** | 92.47 *** |
Observations | 67 | 63 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.615 | 0.659 |
Residual Standard Error | 17.84 (df = 64) | 16.79 (df = 60) |
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Share and Cite
McAleer, M.; Nakamura, T.; Watkins, C. Size, Internationalization, and University Rankings: Evaluating and Predicting Times Higher Education (THE) Data for Japan. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051366
McAleer M, Nakamura T, Watkins C. Size, Internationalization, and University Rankings: Evaluating and Predicting Times Higher Education (THE) Data for Japan. Sustainability. 2019; 11(5):1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051366
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcAleer, Michael, Tamotsu Nakamura, and Clinton Watkins. 2019. "Size, Internationalization, and University Rankings: Evaluating and Predicting Times Higher Education (THE) Data for Japan" Sustainability 11, no. 5: 1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051366