Quantifying Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Rice Yield Gaps in Double-Cropping Systems: A Case Study in Pearl River Delta, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sites
2.2. Data and Model Parameterization
2.2.1. Soil Data
2.2.2. Weather Data
2.2.3. Field Management
2.2.4. Model Parameterization
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Modeling Yield Potential and Calculation of Yield Gaps
2.3.2. Analysis of Social–Economic Effects
2.3.3. Conduction of Adaptive Measures
3. Results
3.1. Spatial and Temporal Variations in Yield Actual, Yield Potential, and Yield Attainable
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Yield Gap and Yield Gap Percentage
3.3. Impacts of Social–Economic Factors
3.4. Adaptive Measures to Raise Rice Production
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis of the Cause of Changing Yield Gaps during 1981–2010
4.2. Approaches to Raise Yields
4.3. Uncertainty of Modeling
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Site | Cropping | Cultivar | Sowing | Emergence | Tillering | Jointing | Booting | Heading | Maturing | Urea (kg) | Compound (kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CZ | Early mature | Teyou254 | 2/18 | 2/22 | 4/2 | 5/8 | 5/30 | 6/10 | 7/11 | 25.5 | 60 |
Late mature | Xieyou3550 | 7/18 | 7/22 | 8/14 | 9/10 | 9/22 | 10/2 | 11/10 | 27 | 60 | |
GY | Early mature | Xuehuanian | 3/7 | 3/12 | 4/20 | 5/18 | 6/4 | 6/14 | 7/9 | 10 | 50 |
Late mature | Xuehuanian | 7/6 | 7/10 | 8/18 | 9/6 | 9/16 | 9/30 | 11/4 | 5 | 45 | |
HY | Early mature | Zayou | 3/23 | 3/27 | 5/6 | 5/26 | 6/10 | 6/20 | 7/18 | 1.5 | 35 |
Late mature | Zayou | 7/11 | 7/15 | 8/18 | 9/4 | 9/14 | 9/24 | 10/26 | 42.5 | ||
HZ | Early mature | Qishanzhan | 3/28 | 3/31 | 5/2 | 5/26 | 6/12 | 6/19 | 7/18 | 15 | 85 |
Late mature | Gaozhoubaigu | 7/16 | 7/19 | 8/16 | 9/8 | 9/24 | 10/3 | 10/31 | 50 | 20 | |
LZ | Early mature | Jinyou207 | 3/27 | 3/29 | 5/3 | 5/25 | 6/15 | 6/22 | 7/18 | 40 | 20 |
Late mature | Jinyou253 | 7/5 | 7/7 | 7/29 | 8/21 | 9/14 | 9/20 | 10/25 | 50 | 50 | |
LF | Early mature | YouI402 | 3/12 | 3/19 | 4/20 | 5/27 | 6/17 | 6/22 | 7/28 | 20 | 30 |
Late mature | Yueyou350 | 7/22 | 7/24 | 8/20 | 9/2 | 9/23 | 10/6 | 11/7 | 10 | 30 | |
MX | Early mature | Meiyou6 | 3/8 | 3/10 | 4/24 | 5/18 | 5/28 | 6/4 | 7/8 | 30.5 | 18 |
Late mature | Meiyou6 | 7/17 | 7/19 | 8/14 | 9/8 | 9/18 | 9/26 | 11/4 | 34 | 16 | |
QJ | Early mature | Jufengnian | 3/7 | 3/10 | 4/27 | 5/16 | 6/3 | 6/11 | 7/11 | 16 | 30 |
Late mature | Baikenian | 7/7 | 7/11 | 8/4 | 8/22 | 9/14 | 9/20 | 10/20 | 15 | 45 | |
GZ | Early mature | Meixiangzhan | 3/20 | 3/23 | 5/3 | 5/25 | 6/6 | 6/15 | 7/13 | 20 | 25 |
Late mature | Teshan25 | 7/23 | 7/26 | 8/26 | 9/10 | 9/24 | 10/3 | 11/3 | 25 | 27.5 | |
XW | Early mature | Gaokang999 | 2/26 | 3/2 | 4/24 | 5/10 | 5/30 | 6/7 | 7/6 | 35 | |
Late mature | Boyou15 | 7/19 | 7/22 | 8/28 | 9/20 | 10/4 | 10/12 | 11/10 | 10 | 25 | |
YJ | Early mature | Zayou | 3/21 | 3/24 | 5/3 | 6/2 | 6/14 | 6/23 | 7/19 | 35 | 12 |
Late mature | Zayou | 7/21 | 7/23 | 8/20 | 9/21 | 9/29 | 10/7 | 11/8 | 45 | 30 | |
ZS | Early mature | Tainanzhan | 2/21 | 2/27 | 4/23 | 5/14 | 6/1 | 6/11 | 7/3 | 22 | |
Late mature | Tainanzhan | 7/14 | 7/16 | 8/12 | 9/8 | 9/16 | 9/23 | 10/14 | 50 |
Appendix B
Site | Latitude | Longitude | Cropping | Cultivar | P1 | P2R | P5 | P2O | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CZ | 23.4 | 116.42 | Early mature | Teyou254 | 500.0 | 200.0 | 400.0 | 12.1 | 100.0 | 0.0270 | 0.11 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Xieyou3550 | 550.0 | 250.0 | 400.0 | 12.2 | 120.0 | 0.0270 | 0.11 | 1.00 | |||
GY | 23.02 | 112.27 | Early mature | Xuehuanian | 200.0 | 400.0 | 400.0 | 11.2 | 300.0 | 0.0220 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Xuehuanian | 210.0 | 410.0 | 400.0 | 11.3 | 300.0 | 0.0220 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
HY | 23.48 | 114.44 | Early mature | Zayou | 400.0 | 400.0 | 600.0 | 11.1 | 300.0 | 0.0110 | 0.55 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Zayou | 400.0 | 400.0 | 500.0 | 11.2 | 300.0 | 0.0110 | 0.55 | 1.00 | |||
HZ | 21.39 | 110.37 | Early mature | Qishanzhan | 400.0 | 300.0 | 400.0 | 12.1 | 200.0 | 0.0240 | 0.44 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Gaozhoubaigu | 410.0 | 320.0 | 400.0 | 12.1 | 200.0 | 0.0240 | 0.44 | 1.00 | |||
LZ | 24.48 | 112.22 | Early mature | Jinyou207 | 100.0 | 300.0 | 500.0 | 12.2 | 500.0 | 0.0220 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Jinyou253 | 110.0 | 320.0 | 310.0 | 12.2 | 500.0 | 0.0220 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
LF | 22.87 | 115.39 | Early mature | YouI402 | 100.0 | 300.0 | 300.0 | 12.1 | 100.0 | 0.0270 | 0.11 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Yueyou350 | 300.0 | 300.0 | 500.0 | 12.3 | 300.0 | 0.0270 | 0.11 | 1.00 | |||
MX | 24.17 | 116.04 | Early mature | Meiyou6 | 120.0 | 300.0 | 580.0 | 12.2 | 500.0 | 0.0220 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Meiyou6 | 400.0 | 400.0 | 500.0 | 12.2 | 500.0 | 0.0220 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
QJ | 24.4 | 113.36 | Early mature | Jufengnian | 200.0 | 200.0 | 350.0 | 12.1 | 350.0 | 0.0230 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Baikenian | 300.0 | 300.0 | 500.0 | 12.2 | 500.0 | 0.0220 | 0.66 | 1.00 | |||
GZ | 23.13 | 113.29 | Early mature | Meixiangzhan | 100.0 | 300.0 | 500.0 | 12.3 | 100.0 | 0.0270 | 0.11 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Teshan25 | 120.0 | 320.0 | 500.0 | 12.3 | 100.0 | 0.0280 | 0.11 | 1.00 | |||
XW | 20.2 | 110.11 | Early mature | Gaokang999 | 300.0 | 200.0 | 350. | 12.1 | 350.0 | 0.0230 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Boyou15 | 310.0 | 220.0 | 350.0 | 12.1 | 350.0 | 0.0230 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
YJ | 21.5 | 111.58 | Early mature | Zayou | 100.0 | 200.0 | 350.0 | 12.1 | 310.0 | 0.0350 | 0.26 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Zayou | 400.0 | 200.0 | 350.0 | 12.1 | 350.0 | 0.0350 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
ZS | 22.3 | 113.24 | Early mature | Tainanzhan | 500.0 | 200.0 | 350.0 | 13.8 | 300.0 | 0.025 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Late mature | Tainanzhan | 220.0 | 240.0 | 700.0 | 12.1 | 310.0 | 0.035 | 0.26 | 1.00 |
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Site | Color | Drainage | Runoff | Clay (%) | Organic (%) | pH | Exchange (cmol/kg) | Nitrogen (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MX | Brown | Well | Moderately High | 34.2 | 1.79 | 4.9 | 2.4 | 0.16 |
GY | Yellow | Moderately Well | Moderately High | 18.4 | 1.4 | 5 | 3.1 | 2.11 |
GZ | Red | Moderately Well | Moderately High | 14 | 3.46 | 7.1 | 1 | 0.18 |
SG | Red | Moderately Well | Moderately High | 21.5 | 1.61 | 7.3 | 2.3 | 0.1 |
LZ | Brown | Well | Moderately High | 32.9 | 3.3 | 8.1 | 3.4 | −99 |
XW | Red | Moderately Well | Moderately High | 20.1 | 2.21 | 5.8 | 0.1 | 0.12 |
CZ | Red | Moderately Well | Moderately High | 35 | 2.43 | 7.5 | 1 | 0.11 |
YJ | Red | Well | Moderately High | 14.2 | 2.06 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 0.12 |
HY | Yellow | Moderately Well | Moderately High | 14 | 1.99 | 4.9 | 1.3 | 0.09 |
HZ | Red | Moderately Well | Moderately High | 6.7 | 0.89 | 5 | 0.7 | 0.06 |
LF | Red | Moderately Well | Moderately High | 11.5 | 2.51 | 5 | 2.5 | 0.13 |
ZS | Red | Well | Moderately High | 14.2 | 2.06 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 0.12 |
Genetic Coefficients | Definitions |
---|---|
P1 | The growing degree-days in the basic vegetation phase |
P20 | The critical photoperiod or the longest day length measured in hours, during which development occurred at a maximum rate |
P2R | The extent of delay in panicle initiation, expressed in °C-days |
P5 | The time period in °C-days from the beginning of grain filling to physiological maturity with a base temperature of 9 °C in the grain-filling phase |
G1 | The potential spikelet numbers per panicle |
G2 | The single grain weight |
G3 | The coefficients relative to IR64 cultivars |
G4 | The temperature tolerance coefficient |
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Guo, Y.; Wu, W.; Bryant, C.R. Quantifying Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Rice Yield Gaps in Double-Cropping Systems: A Case Study in Pearl River Delta, China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051394
Guo Y, Wu W, Bryant CR. Quantifying Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Rice Yield Gaps in Double-Cropping Systems: A Case Study in Pearl River Delta, China. Sustainability. 2019; 11(5):1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051394
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Yahui, Wenxiang Wu, and Christopher Robin Bryant. 2019. "Quantifying Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Rice Yield Gaps in Double-Cropping Systems: A Case Study in Pearl River Delta, China" Sustainability 11, no. 5: 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051394