Conceptual Approach for Positioning of Fish Guidance Structures Using CFD and Expert Knowledge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Of primary importance are the hydraulic cues caused by the rack bars, i.e., the turbulent zones and flow separation along the rack edges [16], triggering an avoidance reaction in fish. These turbulent structures cause only a few fish to swim through the FGS [10,17]. However, the avoidance reaction decreases with increasing bar spacing [12]. In fact, two fish species-specific reaction patterns could be observed in ethohydraulic experiments [10,17]. Some species, such as barbel, brown trout, and eel show investigative behavior and do not avoid rack contact. Instead, they hug the upstream rack surface and actively use it as a guidance structure but avoid passing. Grayling and spirlin, for example, behave differently as they avoid structures and only touch the screen in exceptional situations.
- The second mechanism is called sweeping flow, i.e., the parallel flow component vt actively drifting the fish towards the bypass. This mechanism is decisive for the functionality of FGS because otherwise the fishes are not directed towards the bypass. In case of exhaustion, the fish will be pressed against the bars of horizontal FGS and in case of FGS with vertical bars they can pass through the rack.
2. Methods
2.1. Conceptual Approach
2.1.1. Fish Fauna
2.1.2. Structural Conditions
2.1.3. Hydrologic and Hydraulic Conditions
2.1.4. Feasibility Design of Potential FGS Positions and Types
2.1.5. Flow Conditions in Cross Section of Potential Positions
2.1.6. Rating the Flow Conditions with Respect to Target Species
2.1.7. Geometric Properties of FGS
2.1.8. Structural Feasibility and Hydraulic Losses
2.2. Numerical Modelling
2.3. Influences of FGS on the Flow Field
3. Results: Application of Conceptual Approach to Case Study Hydropower Plant Brügg
3.1. Fish Fauna
3.2. Structural Conditions
3.3. Hydrologic and Hydraulic Conditions
3.4. Feasibility Design of Potential FGS Positions and Types
3.5. Flow Conditions in Cross Sections of Potential Positions
3.6. Rating the Flow Conditions with Respect to Target Species
3.7. Geometric Properties of FGS
3.8. Structural Feasibility and Hydraulic Losses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Boundary | αw | u | p | k | ε | nut |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
inlet water | fixedValue | flowrate-InletVelocity | fixedFlux-Pressure | fixedValue | fixedValue | calculated |
inlet air | zeroGradient | noSlip | fixedFlux-Pressure | kqRWall-Function | epsilonWall-Function | nutkWall-Function |
outlet water | fixedValue | inletOutlet | fixedValue | inletOutlet | inletOutlet | calculated |
outlet air | inletOutlet | fixedValue | zeroGradient | inletOutlet | inletOutlet | calculated |
atmosphere | inletOutlet | pressureInlet-OutletVelocity | totalPressure | inletOutlet | inletOutlet | calculated |
walls | zeroGradient | noSlip | fixedFlux-Pressure | kqRWall-Function | epsilonWall-Function | nutkWall-Function |
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Feigenwinter, L.; Vetsch, D.F.; Kammerer, S.; Kriewitz, C.R.; Boes, R.M. Conceptual Approach for Positioning of Fish Guidance Structures Using CFD and Expert Knowledge. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061646
Feigenwinter L, Vetsch DF, Kammerer S, Kriewitz CR, Boes RM. Conceptual Approach for Positioning of Fish Guidance Structures Using CFD and Expert Knowledge. Sustainability. 2019; 11(6):1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061646
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeigenwinter, Linus, David F. Vetsch, Stephan Kammerer, Carl Robert Kriewitz, and Robert M. Boes. 2019. "Conceptual Approach for Positioning of Fish Guidance Structures Using CFD and Expert Knowledge" Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061646