Optimal Sizing of Seawater Pumped Storage Plant with Variable-Speed Units Considering Offshore Wind Power Accommodation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Extension of existing reservoirs is the first choice for reservoir construction to avoid building a new one and increasing additional excavations. Engineering geology issues must be prevented. Friendly terrain is better for transporting and arranging giant machines. The water inlet of the lower reservoir should not be selected in the sea area with high silt or sand content.
- Regarding the regions that have the insistent demands of the power supply but cannot address the requirements for upper reservoir construction, digging underground caverns as the lower reservoir will probably be an informed decision.
- It is necessary to use covers that are made from special materials on the upper reservoir surface. The covers can prevent seawater leakage and adapt temperature variation. Many sensors buried under the covers are used to monitor and control the pump operation in the case of seawater leakage.
- As a new-style power plant, it should not apply for an oversize installed capacity of SPSP. The head of SPSP should be greater than 100 meters to ensure the sufficient generator head and the smaller scale of the upper reservoir. In order to minimize the investment and energy losses, the horizontal distance between the reservoirs should be as short as possible. The ratio of horizontal distance to hydraulic head is within the allowable limit of 10.
- An optimal sizing method of SPSP with variable-speed units in connected mode on an islanded microgrid is proposed.
- A simplified modeling method of variable-speed units is proposed and applied for the optimal sizing of SPSP.
- The contributing factors to the revenue of SPSP are discussed.
2. Output Characteristics of Offshore Wind Power
3. Optimal Sizing of SPSP
3.1. Objective Function
3.2. Constraints
3.2.1. Power Balance Constraints of Islanded Microgrid
3.2.2. Output Power Constraints of Offshore Wind Power Plant
3.2.3. Output Power Constraints of SPSP
3.2.4. Electrical Energy Limit Constraints of SPSP
3.2.5. Electrical Energy Balance Constraints of the SPSP
3.2.6. Life Cycle Constraints of SPSP
3.2.7. Ramp Rate Constraints of Variable-Speed Units
4. Equivalent Modeling and Constraint Correction of SPSP
4.1. Output Power Characteristics of Variable-Speed Units
4.1.1. Generator Operating Mode
4.1.2. Pump Operating Mode
4.2. Constraint Correction of SPSP
4.2.1. Equivalent SOC of SPSP
4.2.2. Equivalent Self-Discharge of SPSP
4.3. Power and Fluctuation Limit Constraints at PCC
5. Case Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature (In Order of Appearance)
capacity revenue of the SPSP (CNY) | |
electrical energy revenue settled through PCC (incl. sales income and purchasing cost) (CNY) | |
capital cost of the SPSP (CNY) | |
energy losses cost of the SPSP (CNY) | |
operating cost of the SPSP (CNY) | |
peaking regulation cost of the SPSP (CNY) | |
capacity tariff(price) of the SPSP (CNY/kW) | |
time-of-use tariffs for generating at time t (CNY/kWh) | |
time-of-use tariffs for pumping at time t (CNY/kWh) | |
power at PCC at time t (positive or negative) (kW) | |
output power of the SPSP at time t (positive or negative) (kW) | |
output power of the SPSP at time t in turbine mode (kW) | |
input power of the SPSP at time t in pump mode (kW) | |
minimum and maximum output power of the SPSP at time t in turbine mode (kW) | |
minimum and maximum input power of the SPSP at time t in pump mode (kW) | |
installed capacity of the SPSP (kW) | |
offshore wind power at time t (kW) | |
predicted value of offshore wind power at time t (kW) | |
actual load at time t (kW) | |
peaking cost factor (CNY/kWh) | |
boolean value (unitless) | |
electrical energy of the upper reservoir at time t (kW) | |
minimum and maximum electrical energy of the upper reservoir (MWh) | |
electrical energy generated and consumed during a scheduling period (e.g., 24 h) (MWh) | |
energy conversion efficiency of the SPSP in turbine and pump modes (unitless) | |
life cycle, maximum service life (times) | |
ramp rate of the variable-speed units at time t in turbine and pump mode (MW/h) | |
maximum ramp rate of the variable-speed units at time t in turbine and pump mode (MW/h) | |
density of seawater (1.05×103 kg/m3) | |
active head of gravity (9.81 m/s2) | |
hydraulic head and pump head (m) | |
hydraulic head and pump head (pu) | |
turbine flow and pump flow (m3/s) | |
turbine flow and pump flow (pu) | |
mechanical speed (pu) | |
relative deviation of mechanical speed (pu) | |
reference power (pu) | |
polynomial fitting coefficients (unitless) | |
residual electrical energy rate of the upper reservoir at time t (MWh) | |
minimum and maximum residual electrical energy rate of the upper reservoir (MWh) | |
volume of upper reservoir at time t (m3) | |
maximum volume of upper reservoir at time t (m3) | |
fitting function of the sectional area about head (m2) | |
energy loss rate (unitless) | |
thermal stability power at PCC (associated with rated short-time withstand current) (kW) | |
sample standard deviation of power at PCC (kW) | |
evaluation index for power fluctuation at PCC (unitless) | |
parameter values of σpcc (unitless) |
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Country | Region | Research Organizations | Installed Capacity |
---|---|---|---|
Greece | Lesvos, Crete, Kasos | TEI of Crete, TEI of Piraeus, National Technical University of Athens | ~70 MW |
Australia | Spencer Gulf | EnergyAustralia, Arup Group, University of Melbourne | 225 MW |
Portugal | São Miguel | University of Mons Technical University of Lisbon | ~10 MW |
Ireland | Glinsk | Organic Power, RSE S.p.A | 480 MW |
United Kingdom | Dundrum | Dublin Institute of Technology | 100 MW |
Belgium | iLand Project | Belgian Government | 550 MW |
Estonia | Muuga Harbour | Energiasalv OÜ, Estivo-Nomine Consult | 500 MW |
Indonesia | East Java | PT Pertamina, J-POWER | 800 MW |
United States | Lanai Island | Gridflex Energy | 300 MW |
Italy | Foxi Murdegu | U.S. Department of Energy, RSE S.p.A | ~150 MW |
Chile | Iquique | Espejo de Tarapacá (Valhalla) | 300 MW |
Saudi Arabia | Magna, Tabuk | SNC-Lavalin, KFUPM | 1000 MW |
Cape Verde | Santiago | Gesto Energy, Cape Verde Government | 150 MW |
Onshore/Offshore Wind Power Plant | Probability (Output Power > 80% of Rated Power) | Probability (Output Power < 35% of Rated Power) |
---|---|---|
An onshore wind power plant in Gansu, China | 3% | 76% |
An offshore wind power plant in the South China Sea | 20% | 56% |
Upper Reservoir Levels | Value | Volume | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Normal water levels | 124.2 m | Normal reservoir | 6.1×105 m3 |
Dead water levels | 98 m | Dead reservoir | 1×104 m3 |
Description | Value | Description | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Annual operating cost | 40 CNY/kW | Combined efficiency | 75% |
Capital cost | 17,000 CNY/kW | Peaking cost factor | 0.062 CNY/kWh |
Maximum service life | 30 Year | Capacity price | 1000 CNY/kW |
Description | Revenue (CNY/day) |
---|---|
Total revenue of investment entity | 1,750,000 |
Capacity revenue of SPSP | 220,000 |
Electrical energy revenue through PCC (incl. wind power) | 1,730,000 |
Capital cost of SPSP | 120,000 |
Energy losses cost of SPSP | 10,000 |
Operating cost of SPSP | 60,000 |
Peaking regulation cost | 10,000 |
Description | Value |
---|---|
Optimal installed capacity of SPSP | [76, 81] 1 MW |
Excess static revenue | 53,810,000 CNY |
Wind curtailment energy | 51,607 MWh |
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Share and Cite
Yao, W.; Deng, C.; Li, D.; Chen, M.; Peng, P.; Zhang, H. Optimal Sizing of Seawater Pumped Storage Plant with Variable-Speed Units Considering Offshore Wind Power Accommodation. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1939. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071939
Yao W, Deng C, Li D, Chen M, Peng P, Zhang H. Optimal Sizing of Seawater Pumped Storage Plant with Variable-Speed Units Considering Offshore Wind Power Accommodation. Sustainability. 2019; 11(7):1939. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071939
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Weiwei, Changhong Deng, Dinglin Li, Man Chen, Peng Peng, and Hao Zhang. 2019. "Optimal Sizing of Seawater Pumped Storage Plant with Variable-Speed Units Considering Offshore Wind Power Accommodation" Sustainability 11, no. 7: 1939. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071939