Euroregion as an Entity Stimulating the Sustainable Development of the Cross-Border Market for Cultural Services in a City Divided by a Border
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Concept of a City Divided by a Border
2.2. Cross-Border Market for Cultural Services in a City Divided by a Border
- Market entities that are sellers (public and private cultural institutions) and buyers (“hidden”, potential and active customers);
- Market objects, i.e., cultural services and aesthetic needs, the motives of using the services of cultural institutions, revealed in the market);
- Relations between market entities and objects.
- An increase in supply—in particular, an increase in the number of cultural institution services addressed to consumers from both sides of a city divided by a border;
- More frequent use of cultural services by residents of a city divided by a border, as well;
- The growth of cultural services contributing to the protection and development of specific values of local, regional and ethnic cultures, to strengthening “small homelands”, in order to shape a diverse “homeland culture”, and not just a unified “pan-European” culture.
2.3. Euroregion as an Entity of the Cross-Border Market for Culture Services
- Shaping a new quality of borders, which should become meeting places and not divisive ones, smoothing the “seams” of European spatial planning policy,
- Overcoming deficits in the location and use of opportunities by improving transport infrastructures and supporting the attractiveness of the regions and their common economic development,
- Strengthening cross-border environmental and nature protection,
- Partnerships and assistance (subsidiarity), understood as the basic principles of the functioning of border regions and the subregional units that form them, as well as state and European institutions,
- And finally, support for cross-border cultural cooperation, which may directly translate into the issue which interests the authors—the sustainable development of the cross-border market for cultural services.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Cieszyn-Český Těšín as the Research Area
3.2. The Main Purposes, Methods and Techniques of the Research
- To characterise the Polish-Czech cross-border market for the cultural services of a city divided by a border;
- To define the role of the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion in shaping the cross-border market for cultural services in Cieszyn and Český Těšín;
- To develop the principles of a common cultural policy of a city divided by a border, taking into account the sustainable development of the cross-border market for cultural services.
- The growing number of Polish-Czech cultural projects whose beneficiaries are residents of both the Polish and Czech sides of the city (growth of the supply side),
- The greater frequency of the residents of Cieszyn and Český Těšín taking advantage of the cultural offerings that are available on both sides of the border (growth of the demand side).
- Desk research analysis covering documents and materials of the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion, and reports from self-government cultural institutions for 2014–2016;
- Quantitative research—surveys, in which 799 respondents took part (about 1.31% of all city residents on both sides of the border), i.e., 490 inhabitants of Cieszyn (61.25%) and 309 inhabitants of Český Těšín (38.75%) who, in 2017, at least once, took advantage of the offerings of cultural entities based in one of the mentioned cities. The research was carried out in the form of street surveys handed out, and online surveys. The survey questionnaire was developed in both Polish and Czech. Electronic questionnaires were made available to the residents of Cieszyn and Český Těšín at the following Internet addresses: https://goo.gl/forms/Gu7E23zM9uFxgVfD2 (questionnaire in Polish), https://goo.gl/forms/eS2GwmnaMQ40k3NU2 (questionnaire in Czech). Surveys were conducted from October 2017 to January 2018. The socio-demographic description of surveyed inhabitants of the Polish and Czech side of the city is included in Appendix A.
- Qualitative research:
- -
- Individual in-depth interviews with representatives of the supply side of the Cieszyn (20 interviews) and Český Těšín (20 interviews) market for cultural services. The list of people interviewed (including the directors of all local cultural institutions, heads of cultural departments, cultural organisers, employees of cultural institutions) is included in Appendix B. Interviews using the questionnaire were conducted from February to June 2018. The interview questionnaire (in Polish and Czech) contained a total of 17 questions, of which 7 were short questions based on associations and “fill in the blank” questions, while the next 10 questions—were in-depth open questions;
- -
- Individual in-depth interviews with the secretary of the Polish and Czech side of the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion. An interview with the secretary of the Polish side of the Euroregion was carried out on 12 February 2019, with the secretary of the Czech side conducted on 14 February 2019;
- -
- A consultation meeting of experts with the use of brainstorming techniques with key stakeholders in the cross-border market for cultural services in Cieszyn and Český Těšín, i.e.: Mayors of Cieszyn and Český Těšín, representatives of the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion, local governments, representatives of cultural institutions, third sector cultural organisations, the heads of culture and promotion departments of both cities). The meeting, which took place in the Municipal Office in Český Těšín on 7 November 2018, was attended by a total of 16 experts (9 from the Czech side and 7 from the Polish side).
- The “Programme for Cieszyn and Český Těšín Culture” project implemented in 2017–2018;
- The “Český Těšín/Cieszyn InEurope” project implemented in 2018–2019.
4. Results
4.1. Project Activities of the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion in 1999–2018
- In 1999–2003, projects of the Joint Small Projects Fund (WFMP) as part of the Phare CBC Cross-Border Cooperation Programme;
- In 2004–2006, the Community Initiative Programme Interreg IIIA Czech Republic-Republic of Poland;
- In 2007–2013, the Cross-Border Cooperation Operational Programme Czech Republic-Republic of Poland;
- In 2014–2020, the Interreg V-A Programme Czech Republic-Poland.
4.2. Results of the Quantitative Research—An Examination of the Demand Side of the Market
4.3. Conclusions from Qualitative Research—Study of the Supply Side of the Market
5. Discussion
- Support for cultural entities located in Cieszyn and Český Těšín, as well as in the area of the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion in initiating Polish-Czech partnerships that lead, among others, to the carrying out of cross-border projects in the area of culture that enrich the supply in the cross-border market for cultural services (e.g., by organising so-called ‘partnership markets’ dedicated to institutions in the cultural sector);
- Consultancy in searching for the best source of financing for cross-border projects in the area of culture. Such projects, in the opinion of the surveyed representatives of the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion, can be implemented using many sources of financing, which include not only the Interreg VA Czech Republic-Poland programme, including the Micro-Projects Fund of the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion, but also Interreg Central Europe (2014–2020), Interreg Europa Programme 2014–2020, International Visegrad Fund, Europe for Citizens Programme, and the Erasmus+ Programme;
- Supporting cultural institutions in the implementation of cross-border cultural projects, for example through promotional support of these events (patronage, running an internet website “Culture in the Region”);
- Implementation of cross-border projects aimed at the sustainable development of the Polish-Czech cross-border market for cultural services, or shaping a joint cross-border cultural policy (e.g., the “Český Těšín/Cieszyn InEurope” project);
- Conducting research and scientific activity regarding the prospects for further sustainable development of the cross-border market for cultural services, e.g., as part of the established Polish-Czech-Slovak EuroInstitute (development of concept documents, programmes and strategies);
- Conducting training and publishing activities aimed at presenting research results on cross-border cooperation, including the area of culture (e.g., “Work of the Polish-Czech-Slovak EuroInstitute TRANSCARPATHICA” published on a regular basis by the Polish side of the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion).
- At various levels (between local governments of both cities, local government cultural institutions, non-governmental organisations, individual creators or residents);
- In various thematic areas (e.g., joint improvement of staff, joint promotion of culture, joint marketing activities, joint bilingual cultural offer, etc.);
- In the formal dimension (e.g., as official contacts between institutions) and in the informal dimension (e.g., contacts of informal groups, non-official relations, social relations, etc.);
- Through better mutual understanding (e.g., learning the neighbour’s language, regular consultative meetings);
- By implementing joint policy (e.g., including analogous cultural tasks in the budgets of both cities, joint micro-grants for the development of cross-border cooperation between informal groups and associations, guidelines for joint strategies and programmes for cultural development in both cities, etc.).
- Joint cultural education, which determines the level of cultural competence of the inhabitants of the divided city, balances the differences between residents on both sides of the border;
- Stimulating the activity of local cultural institutions, non-governmental organisations and local communities in popularising and sharing cultural goods;
- Supporting cultural freedom, including the freedom of artistic expression;
- Supporting cross-border cultural events, among others via European Union programmes;
- Engaging expert and advisory teams, initiating public discussions in order to increase the socialisation of decision-making processes related to solving key problems regarding the functioning of the cross-border market for cultural services;
- Moving away from the peripheral position of culture in local government administration; culture linked with other fields should be maintained at regional, cross-border and local level.
- The culture on both sides of the border being on an equal level, both the culture of one’s own country, and the culture of the neighbouring country;
- Artistic creation in the broadest sense and the reception of this work—and therefore interest in the functioning of institutions both serving this creativity and making it available. This applies both to the creativity associated with art (so-called ‘high culture’), and to that belonging to the sphere of entertainment and recreation (so-called ‘mass culture’);
- The functioning of joint cross-border mass media—in particular local and regional press, websites, radio. We shouldn’t forget that in the 21st century mass media is not only an important marketing instrument, but increasingly, an educational instrument supporting the culture of the cross-border region, knowledge of symbols functioning therein, and finally enriching the knowledge, attitudes and life orientations of local communities on both sides of the border;
- The social functioning of artistic culture—including: Non-professional and amateur creativity;
- Not only artistic culture, but also the valuable culture and the aesthetics of everyday life, socially desirable customs, work culture, the culture of public life, home culture;
- Incorporating the culture of the neighbouring country, as well as European and world culture, both into the joint culture of the region, and the national culture.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Specification | Inhabitants of the Polish Side of the City (PL) N = 490 | Inhabitants of the Czech Side of the City (CZ) N = 309 |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Female | 65.92 | 67.64 |
Male | 34.08 | 32.36 |
Age | ||
Under 18 | 13.47 | 3.56 |
18–24 | 21.02 | 33.66 |
25–34 | 20.20 | 13.59 |
35–44 | 21.43 | 18.77 |
45–54 | 9.80 | 13.27 |
55–64 | 9.79 | 9.06 |
Over 64 | 4.29 | 8.09 |
Education | ||
Primary | 15.71 | 23.85 |
Secondary | 6.33 | 12.62 |
In college | 39.59 | 34.64 |
Higher education | 38.37 | 28.89 |
Appendix B
Item | Experts Participating in the Research (IDI–in-Depth Interviews) | |
---|---|---|
Experts on the Polish Side (Cieszyn) | Experts on the Czech Side (Český Těšín) | |
1 | Director of the Cieszyn Castle | Director of the Youth Centre in Český Těšín |
2 | Director of the Cieszyn Cultural Centre ”Dom Narodowy” | Director of Albrechtova střední škola Český Těšín |
3 | Director of the Cieszyn Library | Director of the Association „Człowiek na Granicy” (Man on the Border) in Český Těšín |
4 | Director of the Adam Mickiewicz Theatre in Cieszyn | Deputy Director, coordinator of cultural projects Mateřská škola, základní škola a střední škola Slezské diakonie |
5 | Director of the Municipal Library in Cieszyn | Vice-President, project manager in the Polish Youth Association in the Czech Republic – club „Dziupla” in Český Těšín |
6 | Director of the Museum of Cieszyn Silesia | Project coordinator, organisational employee of Otwarte Pracownie/Otevřené Ateliéry |
7 | Director of the Festival „Viva il Canto”, Associate Dean for Promotion and Artistic Activities of the University of Silesia, Faculty of Fine Arts in Cieszyn | Employee of the Literary Cafe „CAFE AVION” in Český Těšín |
8 | Head of the Cultural Education Department in the Faculty of Ethnology and Educational Science of the University of Silesia, Branch in Cieszyn | Member of the Association EducationTalentCulture based in in Český Těšín |
9 | President of the Polish Cultural and Educational Union in the Czech Republic | Theatre director, artist of the Theatre in Český Těšín |
10 | President of the Association „Kultura na Granicy” (Culture on the Border), Director of the Film Festival PL „Kino na Granicy” (Cinema on the Border) | Member of the Cultural Committee of the town of Český Těšín |
11 | Secretary of the Polish-Czech-Slovak Solidarity, Regional Branch in Cieszyn | Coordinator of the Polish-Czech projects in the Půda Association in Český Těšín |
12 | Head of the Culture, Sports, Tourism and NGO Department of the Poviat Starosty in Cieszyn | Head of the PR Department, Spokesperson of the Muzeum Těšínska in Český Těšín |
13 | Director of the „Na Granicy” Political Critique Centre | Coordinator of the Polish-Czech projects in the Municipal Library in Český Těšín |
14 | Director of the Museum of Printing in Cieszyn | Animator of the Cultural Centre Slezanek, Český Těšín |
15 | President of the Management Board of the Creative Women’s Club in Cieszyn | Animator of the Youth Centre in Český Těšín |
16 | Manager of Polish-Czech projects in the Polish Cultural and Educational Union in the Czech Republic | Culture referent in the town of Český Těšín |
17 | Journalist of „Głos” – Polish newspaper in the Czech Republic | Director of the Project „Every Czech Reads to Kids” |
18 | Member of the Main Board of Macierz Ziemi Cieszyńskiej | Director of the Association „Asociace obecne prospěšných služeb” in Český Těšín |
19 | Treasurer of the „Rotunda” Association in Cieszyn | Coordinator of cultural projects in the Cultural Centre „Střelnice” in Český Těšín |
20 | President of the OFKA Social Cooperative in Cieszyn | PR manager in the town of Český Těšín |
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No | City A | City B | Country A | Country B | Year of Division of the City by a State Border |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cities on the internal borders of the European Union | |||||
1 | Baarle-Nassau | Baarle-Hertog | Netherlands | Belgium | 1194/1831 |
2 | Herzogenrath | Kerkrade | Germany | Netherlands | 1815 |
3 | Bad Radkersburg | Gornja Radgona | Austria | Slovenia | 1919 |
4 | Zinnwald Georgenfeld | Cinovec | Germany | Czech Republic | 1919 |
5 | Bayerisch Eisenstein | Železná Ruda | Germany | Czech Republic | 1919 |
6 | Gmünd | České Velenice | Austria | Czech Republic | 1920 |
7 | Komárom | Komárno | Hungary | Slovakia | 1920 |
8 | Slovenské Nové Mesto | Sátoraljaújhely | Slovakia | Hungary | 1920 |
9 | Cieszyn | Český Těšín | Poland | Czech Republic | 1920–1939/1945 |
10 | Valga | Valka | Estonia | Latvia | 1920–1945/1991 |
11 | Tornio | Haparanda | Finland | Sweden | 1809 |
12 | Frankfurt Oder | Słubice | Germany | Poland | 1945 |
13 | Guben | Gubin | Germany | Poland | 1945 |
14 | Bad Muskau | Łęknica | Germany | Poland | 1945 |
15 | Görlitz | Zgorzelec | Germany | Poland | 1945 |
16 | Forst/Lausitz | Zasieki | Germany | Poland | 1945 |
17 | Küstriner Vorland | Kostrzyn nad Odrą | Germany | Poland | 1945 |
18 | Gorizia | Nova Gorica | Italy | Slovenia | 1948 |
Cities on the external borders of the European Union | |||||
19 | Laufenburg | Laufenburg (Baden) | Switzerland | Germany | 1801 |
20 | Rheinfelden | Rheinfelden (Baden) | Switzerland | Germany | 1801 |
21 | Narva | Ivangorod | Estonia | Russia | 1492–1558/1590–1611/1991 |
22 | Veľké Slemence | Maлi Ceлменцi | Slovakia | Ukraine | 1945 |
23 | South Nicosia (Greek) | North Nicosia (Turkish) | Cyprus | Northern Cyprus | 1974 |
24 | Slavonski Brod | Brod/Bosanski Brod | Croatia | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1991–1992 |
25 | Kosovska Mitrovica | Mitrovicë | Serbia | Kosovo | 2008 |
26 | Rome | Vatican | Italy | Vatican | 1929 |
Programme Name | Number of Approved Projects | Total Co-Financing in Euros | Number of Approved Projects in the Area of Culture | Co-Financing of Projects in the Area of Culture in Euros | % of All Projects Under the Programme Which Were Cultural Projects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-Border Cooperation Programme Phare CBC 1999–2003 | 95 | 562,291.44 | 64 | 404,261.95 | 67.4 |
Community Initiative Programme Interreg IIIA Czech Republic-Republic of Poland—2004–2006 | 62 | 677,855.86 | 35 | 398,763.65 | 56.5 |
Cross-Border Cooperation Operational Programme Czech Republic-Republic of Poland (POWT RCz-RP)—2007–2013 | 269 | 5,326,707.19 | 123 | 2,437,493.65 | 45.7 |
Interreg V-A Programme Czech Republic-Poland 2014–2020 | 149 | 3,753,758.08 | 70 | 1,633,413.47 | 47.0 |
Total | 575 | 10,320,612.57 | 292 | 4,873,932.72 | 54.2 |
Specification | Inhabitants of the Polish Side of the City (PL) N = 490 | Inhabitants of the Czech Side of the City (CZ) N = 309 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not Once | Once or Twice | Three or Four Times | More Than Four Times | Not Once | Once or Twice | Three or Four Times | More Than Four Times | |
Cieszyn’s cultural entities (PL) | 69.27 | 17.58 | 6.48 | 6.67 | 84.16 | 10.81 | 2.84 | 2.19 |
Český Těšín’s cultural entities (CZ) | 88.66 | 7.12 | 2.29 | 1.94 | 51.13 | 22.98 | 12.82 | 13.07 |
Specification | Inhabitants of the Polish Side of the City (PL) N = 490 | Inhabitants of the Czech Side of the City (CZ) N = 309 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Familiarity | Participation | Familiarity | Participation | |
Cultural events taking place in Cieszyn and Český Těšín without financial support received through the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion | 32.27 | 11.40 | 20.07 | 8.06 |
Cultural events taking place in Cieszyn and Český Těšín as part of Euroregional cultural projects | 73.76 | 43.02 | 58.51 | 31.97 |
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Wróblewski, Ł.; Kasperek, A. Euroregion as an Entity Stimulating the Sustainable Development of the Cross-Border Market for Cultural Services in a City Divided by a Border. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082232
Wróblewski Ł, Kasperek A. Euroregion as an Entity Stimulating the Sustainable Development of the Cross-Border Market for Cultural Services in a City Divided by a Border. Sustainability. 2019; 11(8):2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082232
Chicago/Turabian StyleWróblewski, Łukasz, and Andrzej Kasperek. 2019. "Euroregion as an Entity Stimulating the Sustainable Development of the Cross-Border Market for Cultural Services in a City Divided by a Border" Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082232
APA StyleWróblewski, Ł., & Kasperek, A. (2019). Euroregion as an Entity Stimulating the Sustainable Development of the Cross-Border Market for Cultural Services in a City Divided by a Border. Sustainability, 11(8), 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082232