Are Area-Level Crimes Associated with Older Adults’ Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Area-Level Crime Incidence
2.3. Physical Activity
2.4. Sedentary Behavior
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Men | Women | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Age Groups | 0.176 | ||||||
65–74 years | 688 | 64.4% | 336 | 62.5% | 352 | 66.4% | |
75 years or above | 380 | 35.6% | 202 | 37.5% | 178 | 33.6% | |
Educational achievement | <0.001 | ||||||
High school degree and lower | 747 | 69.9% | 347 | 64.5% | 400 | 75.5% | |
Higher than high school degree | 321 | 30.1% | 191 | 35.5% | 130 | 24.5% | |
Occupational categorization | 0.001 | ||||||
Without a full-time job | 959 | 89.8% | 467 | 86.8% | 492 | 92.8% | |
With a full-time job | 109 | 10.2% | 71 | 13.2% | 38 | 7.2% | |
Marital status | <0.001 | ||||||
Married | 809 | 75.7% | 438 | 81.4% | 371 | 70.0% | |
Not married | 259 | 24.3% | 100 | 18.6% | 159 | 30.0% | |
Accommodation situation | 0.991 | ||||||
Solitary | 151 | 14.1% | 76 | 14.1% | 75 | 14.2% | |
Living together with others | 917 | 85.9% | 462 | 85.9% | 455 | 85.8% | |
Physical activity | 0.631 | ||||||
Sufficient (≥150 min/wk) | 848 | 79.4% | 424 | 78.8% | 424 | 80.0% | |
Insufficient (<150 min/wk) | 220 | 20.6% | 114 | 21.2% | 106 | 20.0% | |
Sedentary behavior | 0.368 | ||||||
High (≥8 hr/d) | 581 | 54.4% | 300 | 55.8% | 281 | 53.0% | |
Low (<8 hr/d) | 487 | 45.6% | 238 | 44.2% | 249 | 47.0% |
Type of Crime | Achieving Sufficient Physical Activity | Higher Sedentary Time | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Total Crimes | ||||||
Low (<194 events) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High (≥194 events) | 0.73 | (0.53, 0.99) | 0.04 | 1.70 | (1.31, 2.20) | <0.001 |
Drug crimes | ||||||
Low (<143 events) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High (≥143 events) | 0.70 | (0.51, 0.95) | 0.02 | 1.64 | (1.27, 2.13) | <0.001 |
Theft | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
At least 1 event | 0.72 | (0.53, 0.99) | 0.04 | 1.27 | (0.98, 1.64) | 0.07 |
Burglary | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
At least 1 event | 0.96 | (0.74, 1.26) | 0.78 | 0.99 | (0.79, 1.24) | 0.95 |
Breaking and entering | ||||||
Low (<7 events) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High (≥7 events) | 0.83 | (0.61, 1.13) | 0.23 | 1.60 | (1.23, 2.07) | <0.001 |
Motor vehicle theft | ||||||
Low (<7 events) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High (≥7 events) | 0.70 | (0.52, 0.96) | 0.02 | 1.35 | (1.05, 1.74) | 0.02 |
Locomotive theft | ||||||
Low (<16 events) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High (≥16 events) | 0.69 | (0.51, 0.94) | 0.02 | 1.37 | (1.06, 1.77) | 0.02 |
Rape | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
At least 1 event | 0.90 | (0.66, 1.23) | 0.51 | 1.32 | (1.02, 1.72) | 0.04 |
Type of Crime | Men | Women | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achieving Sufficient Physical Activity | Higher Sedentary Time | Achieving Sufficient Physical Activity | Higher Sedentary Time | |||||||||
OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Total crimes | ||||||||||||
Low (<194 events) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
High (≥194 events) | 0.66 | (0.43, 1.02) | 0.06 | 1.44 | (1.00, 2.09) | 0.05 | 0.80 | (0.51, 1.25) | 0.33 | 1.96 | (1.37, 2.82) | <0.001 |
Drug crimes | ||||||||||||
Low (<143 events) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
High (≥143 events) | 0.62 | (0.40, 0.96) | 0.03 | 1.41 | (0.97, 2.04) | 0.07 | 0.77 | (0.50, 1.21) | 0.26 | 1.87 | (1.30, 2.69) | <0.001 |
Theft | ||||||||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
At least 1 event | 0.61 | (0.39, 0.94) | 0.02 | 1.08 | (0.75, 1.55) | 0.70 | 0.91 | (0.58, 1.42) | 0.66 | 1.53 | (1.06, 2.20) | 0.02 |
Burglary | ||||||||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
At least 1 event | 1.00 | (0.66, 1.52) | 1.00 | 1.07 | (0.75, 1.52) | 0.71 | 0.94 | (0.65, 1.34) | 0.72 | 0.93 | (0.70, 1.24) | 0.63 |
Breaking and entering | ||||||||||||
Low (<7 events) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
High (≥7 events) | 0.82 | (0.53, 1.26) | 0.36 | 1.37 | (0.94, 1.97) | 0.10 | 0.84 | (0.54, 1.31) | 0.45 | 1.84 | (1.28, 2.65) | <0.001 |
Motor vehicle theft | ||||||||||||
Low (<7 events) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
High (≥7 events) | 0.71 | (0.47, 1.09) | 0.12 | 1.30 | (0.91, 1.87) | 0.15 | 0.71 | (0.46, 1.12) | 0.14 | 1.43 | (1.00, 2.05) | 0.05 |
Locomotive theft | ||||||||||||
Low (<16 events) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
High (≥16 events) | 0.56 | (0.37, 0.87) | 0.01 | 1.10 | (0.76, 1.58) | 0.61 | 0.87 | (0.56, 1.35) | 0.53 | 1.71 | (1.20, 2.45) | <0.001 |
Rape | ||||||||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
At least 1 event | 0.78 | (0.51, 1.21) | 0.27 | 1.14 | (0.79, 1.64) | 0.50 | 1.06 | (0.67, 1.67) | 0.81 | 1.53 | (1.04, 2.23) | 0.03 |
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Lin, C.-Y.; Park, J.-H.; Hsueh, M.-C.; Lai, T.-F.; Liao, Y. Are Area-Level Crimes Associated with Older Adults’ Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior? Sustainability 2019, 11, 2454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092454
Lin C-Y, Park J-H, Hsueh M-C, Lai T-F, Liao Y. Are Area-Level Crimes Associated with Older Adults’ Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior? Sustainability. 2019; 11(9):2454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092454
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Chien-Yu, Jong-Hwan Park, Ming-Chun Hsueh, Ting-Fu Lai, and Yung Liao. 2019. "Are Area-Level Crimes Associated with Older Adults’ Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior?" Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092454