Tourism Impacts Continuity of World Heritage List Inscription and Sustainable Management of Hahoe Village, Korea: A Case Study of Changes in Tourist Perceptions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. WHL Inscription and Its Tourism Impact
2.2. Sustainable Management of a Historic Village as a WHS
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. A Case Study: Hahoe Village
3.2. Study Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. WH as a Tourists’ Brand
4.2. Future Management of HV as a WHS for Maintaining Brand Equity
5. Conclusions
- The title WH as a tourism brand works as tourists’ motivation to visit the WHS, regardless of the passage of time after its inscription. However, even though the brand equity of WH has remained the same over time, the real impact on increasing tourism to a WHS could be different—whether increasing, decreasing, or maintaining—depending on how the WH brand is delivered to tourists;
- Tourists familiar with the WHS expect high standards with regards to both perspectives of heritage value and service convenience for tourists, because tourists see the WH as a “seal of approval” for its brand equity. In the case of HV, tourists expect high standards including more heritage preservation and better service convenience for tourists, which, unfortunately, do not coexist easily. Planners face difficulties in choosing between these two demands and need to establish a balanced plan between them. For sustainable management of a historic village as a WHS, two implications can be determined: (1) Securing enough fundraising through tourism under well-managed capacity conditions and (2) sustaining unique village characteristics as a community, including traditions, cultures, and environments;
- In the case of HV, the brand impact of WH tended to be limited only to domestic tourists. For improving brand impact that constitutes sustaining the number of tourists of the village, planners need to consider both increasing re-visitation of domestic tourists and improving visitation of foreign tourists.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HV | Hahoe Village |
UNESCO | United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |
WH | World Heritage |
WHL | World Heritage List |
WHS | World Heritage Site |
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Year | Number of Visitors | Entrance Fee Earnings | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Local | Foreigner | ||
2005 | 830,993 | 815,528 | 15,465 | 783,969 |
2006 | 760,863 | 744,432 | 16,431 | 708,262 |
2007 | 782,657 | 759,118 | 23,539 | 721,669 |
2008 | 773,764 | 735,969 | 37,795 | 675,569 |
2009 | 775,396 | 734,822 | 40,574 | 703,851 |
2010 | 1,088,612 | 1,042,937 | 45,675 | 910,983 |
2011 | 1,027,405 | 983,705 | 43,700 | 783,054 |
2012 | 962,396 | 903,022 | 59,374 | 1,021,559 |
2013 | 982,134 | 922,480 | 59,654 | 1,171,696 |
2014 | 1,055,153 | 1,013,539 | 41,614 | 1,316,712 |
2015 | 1,035,760 | 1,006,976 | 28,784 | 1,222,314 |
2016 | 1,021,843 | 980,936 | 40,907 | 1,198,864 |
2017 | 1,045,492 | 1,006,771 | 38,721 | 1,161,514 |
Name | Number of Visitors | Difference | Rate of Increase | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 2010 | |||
* Hahoe Village | 775,396 | 1,088,612 | +313,216 | 40.4% |
Yangdong Village | 224,821 | 415,234 | +190,413 | 84.7% |
Oeam Village | 304,090 | 366,223 | +62,133 | 20.4% |
Nagan Eupseong Village | 1,086,815 | 1,187,965 | +101,350 | 9.3% |
Museon Village | 225,734 | 237,764 | +11,830 | 5.2% |
Daksil Village | 415,541 | 454,398 | +38,857 | 9.4% |
Demographic Characteristics | 2014 (n = 348) | 2018 (n = 172) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | ||
Gender | Male | 204 | 58.6 | 108 | 62.8 |
Female | 144 | 41.4 | 64 | 37.2 | |
Age | 18–29 | 173 | 49.7 | 82 | 47.7 |
30–39 | 55 | 15.8 | 45 | 26.1 | |
40–49 | 40 | 11.5 | 19 | 11.0 | |
50–59 | 54 | 15.5 | 14 | 8.1 | |
60 and over | 22 | 6.3 | 12 | 7.0 | |
Non-response | 4 | 1.1 | - | - | |
Highest level of education | High school or less | 23 | 6.6 | 6 | 3.5 |
College/university | 245 | 70.4 | 141 | 82.0 | |
Graduate school | 43 | 12.3 | 11 | 6.4 | |
Non-response | 37 | 10.6 | 14 | 8.1 |
Awareness of HV as a WHS | 2014 (n = 348) | 2018 (n = 172) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | |
Yes | 305 | 87.6 | 162 | 94.2 |
No | 38 | 10.9 | 8 | 4.7 |
Non-response | 5 | 1.4 | 2 | 1.2 |
Tourists’ Perceptions | 2014 | 2018 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | % Agree | Mean | % Agree | |
Perceptions of WHL inscription | ||||
WHL inscription stimulates my desire to visit HV | 3.72 | 63.4 | 3.88 | 69.8 |
WHL inscription makes HV a “must see” location | 3.67 | 61.0 | 3.65 | 64.0 |
WHL inscription makes it more attractive than other non-WHS historic villages | 3.56 | 56.7 | 3.43 | 54.7 |
WHL inscription makes me feel proud to be in HV | 3.89 | 66.1 | 3.48 | 57.0 |
WHL inscription makes HV a tourist “hot spot” in the country | 4.18 | 85.1 | 4.23 | 80.2 |
WHL inscription makes HV valuable to visit | 4.13 | 81.6 | 3.98 | 73.3 |
Satisfaction | ||||
I am satisfied with this trip to HV in general | 3.96 | 69.6 | 3.97 | 66.3 |
I am satisfied with the cultural experiences in HV | 3.28 | 27.6 | 3.64 | 58.1 |
Demand for future management and development of WH | ||||
HV needs to focus more on heritage preservation | 4.18 | 78.5 | 3.90 | 70.9 |
HV needs more tourism development | 3.18 | 46.1 | 3.76 | 65.1 |
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Kim, S. Tourism Impacts Continuity of World Heritage List Inscription and Sustainable Management of Hahoe Village, Korea: A Case Study of Changes in Tourist Perceptions. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092573
Kim S. Tourism Impacts Continuity of World Heritage List Inscription and Sustainable Management of Hahoe Village, Korea: A Case Study of Changes in Tourist Perceptions. Sustainability. 2019; 11(9):2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092573
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Soonki. 2019. "Tourism Impacts Continuity of World Heritage List Inscription and Sustainable Management of Hahoe Village, Korea: A Case Study of Changes in Tourist Perceptions" Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092573
APA StyleKim, S. (2019). Tourism Impacts Continuity of World Heritage List Inscription and Sustainable Management of Hahoe Village, Korea: A Case Study of Changes in Tourist Perceptions. Sustainability, 11(9), 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092573