Feed Efficiency Can Be Sustained in Pigs Fed with Locally Produced Narbon Vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Management
2.2. Diet Formulations
2.3. Body Weight Gain and Feed Intake
2.4. Feed Efficiency
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. An Overview of Narbon Vetch in Animal Nutrition
4.2. Influence of Narbon Vetch on Production Traits
5. Synthesis
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wang, J.; Lui, Q.; Hou, Y.; Qin, W.; Lesschen, J.P.; Zhang, F.; Oenema, O. International trade of animal feed: Its relationships with livestock density and N and P balances at country level. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2018, 110, 197–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dei, H.K. Soybean as a feed ingredient for livestock and poultry. IntechOpen 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boerema, A.; Peeters, A.; Swolfs, S.; Vandevenne, F.; Jacobs, S.; Staes, J.; Meire, P. Soybean trade: Balancing environmental and socio-economic impacts of an intercontinental market. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0155222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roman, G.V.; Epure, L.I.; Toader, M.; Lombardi, A.R. Grain legumes-Main source of vegetable proteins for European consumption. Agro. Life Sci. J. 2016, 5, 178–183. [Google Scholar]
- Rauw, W.M.; Rydhmer, L.; Kyriazakis, I.; Øverland, M.; Gilbert, H.; Dekkers, J.C.M.; Hermesch, S.; Bouquet, A.; Gómez Izquierdo, E.; Louveau, I.; et al. Prospects of sustainability of pig production in relation to climate change and novel feed resources. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van Krimpen, M.M.; Bikker, P.; Van der Meer, I.M.; Van der Peet-Schwering, C.M.C.; Vereijken, J.M. Cultivation, Processing and Nutritional Aspects for Pigs and Poultry of European Protein Sources as Alternatives for Imported Soybean Products; Report 662; Wageningen UR Livestock Research: Lelystad, The Netherlands, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament. The EU Deficit: What Solution for a Long-Standing Problem? Report 2010/2011(INI). 2001. Available online: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0026&language=EN (accessed on 6 February 2020).
- Peters, C.J.; Bills, N.L.; Wilkins, J.L.; Fick, G.W. Foodshed analysis and its relevance to sustainability. Renew. Agr. Food Syst. 2009, 24, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Leinonen, I.; Kyriazakis, I. How can we improve environmental sustainability of poultry production? Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2016, 75, 265–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Profeta, A.; Hamm, U. Who cares about local feed in local food products? Results from a consumer survey in Germany. Br. Food J. 2019, 121, 711–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EIP-AGRI. Final Report, EIP-AGRI Focus Group Protein Crops. 2014. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eip/agriculture/sites/agri-eip/files/fg2_protein_crops_final_report_2014_en.pdf (accessed on 6 February 2020).
- De Visser, C.L.M.; Schreuder, R.; Stoddard, F. The EU’s dependency on soya bean import for the animal feed industry and potential for EU produced alternatives. OCL 2014, 21, D407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Galioto, F.; Paffarini, C.; Chiorri, M.; Torquati, B.; Cecchini, L. Economic, environmental, and animal welfare performance on livestock farms: Conceptual model and application to some case studies in Italy. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- ERANET SusPig. Project description. Available online: http://suspig-era.net/ (accessed on 6 February 2020).
- Gómez-Izquierdo, E.; de Mercado, E.; Gómez-Fernández, J.; Tomás, C.; Guillamón, E.; Varela, E.; Muzquiz, M.; Pedrosa, M.M.; López-Nuez, P.; Latorre, M.A. Tolerancia a diferentes factores antinutritivos en lechones alimentados con guisantes de invierno (Pisum sativum) y alberjón (Vicia narbonensis) en la fase estárter. ITEA 2018, 114, 243–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parks, J.R. A Theory of Feeding and Growth of Animals; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1982. [Google Scholar]
- Archer, J.A.; Pitchford, W.S. Phenotypic variation in residual food intake of mice at different ages and its relationship with efficiency of growth, maintenance and body composition. Anim. Sci. 1996, 63, 149–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koch, R.M.; Swiger, L.A.; Chambers, D.; Gregory, K.E. Efficiency of feed use in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 1963, 22, 486–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rauw, W.M.; de Mercado de la Peña, E.; Gomez-Raya, L.; García Cortés, L.A.; Ciruelos, J.J.; Gómez Izquierdo, E. Impact of environmental temperature on production traits in pigs. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 2106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nadal Moyano, S.; Martinez Araque, C.; Perea Torres, F.; Saavedra Saavedra, M.M.; Córdoba Jiménez, E.M. Guías de Cultivos. Serie Leguminosas: Los Alberjones; Junta de Andalucía, Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca: Sevilla, Spain, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Nadal, S.; Moreno, M.T. Behaviour of Narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) under presence-absence of broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) in rainfed agricultural systems in Southern Spain. J. Sustain. Agric. 2007, 30, 133–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casquero, P.A.; Oláiz, I.; Marcos, M.F.; Campelo, P.; Reinoso, B. Leguminosas grano tradicionales cultivadas en España. Vida Rural, 2009 December; 42–46. Available online: https://www.miteco.gob.es/ministerio/pags/biblioteca/Revistas/pdf_Vrural/Vrural_2009_300_42_46.pdf(accessed on 6 February 2020).
- Haffani, S.; Mezni, M.; Chaïbi, W. Agronomic performances of three vetch species growing under different drought levels. Chil. J. Agric. Res. 2014, 74, 263–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Enneking, D.; Maxted, N. Narbon bean. Vicia narbonensis L. (Leguminosae). In Evolution of Crop Plants; Smartt, J., Simmonds, N.W., Eds.; Longman: London, UK, 1995; pp. 316–321. [Google Scholar]
- Francis, C.M.; Enneking, D.; Abd El Moneim, A. When and where will vetches have an impact as grain legumes? In Linking Research and Marketing Opportunities for Pulses in the 21st Century; Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture, Knight, R., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1999; Volume 34, pp. 375–384. [Google Scholar]
- Martín-Pedrosa, M.; Varela, A.; Guillamon, E.; Cabellos, B.; Burbano, C.; Gomez-Fernandez, J.; de Mercado, E.; Gomez-Izquierdo, E.; Cuadrado, C.; Muzquiz, M. Biochemical characterization of legume seeds as ingredients in animal feed. Span. J. Agric. Res. 2016, 14, e0901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brand, T.S.; Brandt, D.A.; Cruywagen, C.W. Chemical composition, true metabolisable energy content and amino acid availability of grain legumes for poultry. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 34, 116–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kökten, K.; Koçak, A.; Bağci, E.; Akçura, M.; Çelik, S. Tannin, protein contents and fatty acid composition of the seeds of several Vicia L. species from Turkey. Grasas Aceites 2010, 61, 404–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Berger, J.D.; Siddique, K.H.M.; Loss, S.P. Cool season grain legumes for Mediterranean environments: The effect of environment on non-protein amino acids in Vicia and Lathyrus species. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1999, 50, 403–4012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castleman, G.H. A Guide for Feeding Narbon Beans to Animals; Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Victorian Institute for Dryland Agriculture: Walpeup, Victoria, Australia, 2000; p. 4. [Google Scholar]
- Gómez-Izquierdo, E. Efecto Sobre el Rendimiento Productivo y Calidad de la Canal de la Inclusión de Guisantes (Pisum sativum) y Alberjón (Vicia narbonensis) en el Pienso de Lechones y Cerdos de Cebo. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 2015. Available online: http://oa.upm.es/39060/1/EMILIO_GOMEZ_IZQUIERDO.pdf (accessed on 6 February 2020).
- BRVP. Boletín del Registro de Variedades Protegidas. Gobierno de España, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación, y Medio Ambiente. Boletín Nr 5/2015. 2015. Available online: https://www.mapa.gob.es/ministerio/pags/Biblioteca/Revistas/pdf_RVP%2FRVP_2015_5.pdf (accessed on 6 February 2020).
- AGROPAL, 2015. Nuevos Proyectos Para Garantizar tu Futuro. No 136. pp. 26–27. Available online: http://www.agropalsc.com/extras/Documentos/136Abril2015WEB.pdf (accessed on 6 February 2020).
- AGROPAL, 2017. Nuevos Proyectos Para Garantizar tu Futuro. No 143. pp. 23–25. Available online: http://www.agropalsc.com/extras/Documentos/143W.pdf. (accessed on 6 February 2020).
- Mateo-Box, J.M. Leguminosas de Grano; Salvat Editores: Barcelona, Spain, 1961; pp. 145–151. [Google Scholar]
- Arias, M.; Simó, C.; Ortiz, L.T.; de los Mozos Pascual, M.; Barbas, C.; Cifuentes, A. Detection and quantitation of a bioactive compound in Vicia narbonensis L. seeds by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: A comparative study with UV detection. Electrophoresis 2005, 26, 2351–2359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kyriazakis, I.; Emmans, G.C. The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feeds based on wheat bran, dried citrus pulp and grass meal, in relation to measurements of feed bulk. Br. J. Nutr. 1995, 73, 19–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liao, S.; Wang, T.; Regmi, N. Lysine nutrition in swine and the related monogastric animals: Muscle protein biosynthesis and beyond. Springerplus 2015, 4, 147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Enneking, D. Isolation and Identification of ɤ-Glutamyl-S-ethenyl Cysteine as Antifeedant Component from the Seeds of Vicia narbonensis L. Chapter 6. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, 1994. Available online: https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/37799/10/02whole.pdf (accessed on 6 February 2020).
- Gómez-Izquierdo, E.; Ciruelos, J.J.; Tomás, C.; Guillamón, E.; Varela, E.; Martín-Pedrosa, M.; López-Nuez, P.; Latorre, M.A.; de Mercado, E. Interés del alberjón (Vicia narbonensis) en alimentación de cerdo graso. In Datos Productivos; AIDA, XVIII Jornadas sobre Producción Animal: Zaragoza, España, 2019; pp. 269–271. [Google Scholar]
- Grunert, K.G.; Bredahl, L.; Brunsø, K. Consumer perception of meat quality and implications for product development in the meat sector–A review. Meat Sci. 2004, 66, 259–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Growing Period | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Composition Given by the Producer | ||||
Ingredients (%) | V0 | V5 | V10 | V20 |
Narbon vetch | 0.00 | 5.00 | 10.00 | 20.00 |
Corn | 14.30 | 12.00 | 9.92 | 5.40 |
Barley | 30.50 | 29.50 | 28.60 | 26.60 |
Wheat | 30.00 | 29.90 | 30.00 | 30.10 |
Corn DDGs | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
Rapeseed meal | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
Soybean meal 47 | 10.0 | 8.32 | 6.48 | 2.80 |
Lard | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Soybean oil | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
Calcium carbonate | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 |
Sodium chloride | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
L-lysine 50% | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.36 |
Premix 1 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Net energy (MJ/kg) | 9.81 | 9.81 | 9.81 | 9.81 |
Analyzed Composition | ||||
Moisture | 11.50 | 12.0 | 11.2 | 11.5 |
Crude Protein | 15.10 | 15.8 | 15.6 | 16.00 |
Ether extract | 4.30 | 4.10 | 5.00 | 4.10 |
Crude fiber | 4.30 | 4.60 | 5.00 | 4.70 |
Lysine | 1.05 | 0.96 | 1.13 | 1.05 |
Methionine + Cysteine | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.44 |
Threonine | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.54 |
Tryptophan | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.29 |
GEC 2 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.19 |
Fattening–Finishing Period | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Composition Given by the Producer | ||||
Ingredients (%) | V0 | V5 | V10 | V20 |
Narbon vetch | 0.00 | 5.00 | 10.00 | 20.00 |
Corn | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 |
Barley | 23.00 | 19.60 | 15.80 | 15.80 |
Wheat | 30.00 | 30.00 | 30.00 | 22.90 |
Corn DDGs | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 |
Rapeseed meal | 0.00 | 1.00 | 2.20 | 3.00 |
Soybean meal 47 | 8.40 | 6.10 | 3.70 | 0.00 |
Lard | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Soybean oil | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Calcium carbonate | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.40 |
Sodium chloride | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
L-lysine 50% | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.36 |
Premix 1 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Net energy (MJ/kg) | 10.01 | 10.01 | 10.01 | 10.01 |
Analyzed Composition | ||||
Moisture | 11.90 | 11.40 | 11.70 | 12.20 |
Crude Protein | 14.10 | 14.00 | 14.00 | 15.00 |
Ether extract | 4.60 | 4.10 | 4.50 | 3.90 |
Crude fiber | 2.90 | 3.40 | 4.30 | 4.00 |
Lysine | 0.90 | 0.77 | 0.84 | 0.89 |
Methionine + Cysteine | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.46 |
Threonine | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.54 |
Tryptophan | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
GEC 2 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.24 |
V0 | V5 | V10 | V20 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 320 x (± 8.03) | 316 x (± 8.03) | 289 y (± 8.80) | 292 y (± 8.39) |
B | 0.00123 x (± 0.0000852) | 0.00118 x (± 0.0000852) | 0.00139 x (± 0.0000933) | 0.00121 x (± 0.0000889) |
MFI | 3.88 x (± 0.120) | 3.74 x (± 0.120) | 3.71 x (± 0.120) | 3.62 x (± 0.126) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gómez Izquierdo, E.; Gomez-Raya, L.; de Mercado de la Peña, E.; Ciruelos, J.J.; Rauw, W.M. Feed Efficiency Can Be Sustained in Pigs Fed with Locally Produced Narbon Vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.). Sustainability 2020, 12, 3993. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103993
Gómez Izquierdo E, Gomez-Raya L, de Mercado de la Peña E, Ciruelos JJ, Rauw WM. Feed Efficiency Can Be Sustained in Pigs Fed with Locally Produced Narbon Vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.). Sustainability. 2020; 12(10):3993. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103993
Chicago/Turabian StyleGómez Izquierdo, Emilio, Luis Gomez-Raya, Eduardo de Mercado de la Peña, Juan José Ciruelos, and Wendy M. Rauw. 2020. "Feed Efficiency Can Be Sustained in Pigs Fed with Locally Produced Narbon Vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.)" Sustainability 12, no. 10: 3993. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103993