Diversity Management as a Tool for Sustainable Development of Health Care Facilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Are managers’ attitudes towards diversity dependent on the type of organization in terms of the type of provided healthcare, its market presence, ownership, size according to the number of employees, and the legal form of the organization? Is there a demonstrable relationship between managers’ attitudes towards diversity and employee turnover, employee satisfaction, patient satisfaction, and the economic results of the individual facilities they manage?
- Is the degree of diversity management implementation dependent on the type of organization in terms of the type of healthcare services, market presence, ownership, size according to the number of employees, and the legal form of the organization? Is there a demonstrable relationship between the degree of diversity management and its implementation and employee turnover, employee satisfaction, patient satisfaction, and the economic results of the healthcare facilities?
3. Results
3.1. Research Question 1
3.2. Research Question 2
3.3. Mutual Correlations of Attitudes Towards Diversity and Diversity Management Implementation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Item of AD (Attitude toward Diversity) | Scoring System |
Benefits perception of Diversity management (1–no benefit, 7–maximum benefit)
| Rating by answer from 0/6 to 6/6 points for each item ascending |
Barriers identification of Diversity Management (1–not considered a barrier at all, 7–considered a significant barrier)
| Rating by answer from 0/6 to 6/6 points for each item descending |
Opinion on statements about team work diversity: (1–strongly agree, 7–strongly disagree)
| Rating by answer from 0/6 to 6/6 points for each item descending |
Opinions on statements about diversity as a part of corporate culture: (1–totally agree, 7–totally disagree)
| Rating by answer from 0/6 to 6/6 points for each item descending |
Understanding of diversity management in context of human resource management (1–totally agree, 7–totally disagree)
| Rating by answer from 0/6 to 6/6 points for each item descending |
Do managers’ competency models also include diversity management competencies? | Yes–1 point No, I don´t know–0 points |
The importance of individual manager competencies in the diversity management
| Rating by answer from 0/6 to 6/6 points for each item ascending |
Evaluation of diversity importance for the success of the organization (1–diversity is insignificant for us, 7–diversity is very important for us) | Rating by answer from 0/6 to 6/6 points per item ascending. |
Item DI (Diversity implementation) | Scoring system |
Percentage of women in the company | Range 50–75%–1 point Otherwise–0 point |
Employment of foreigners | Yes–1 point No, I don´t know–0 point |
Percentage of women in management.
| Range 30–75% - 1 point Otherwise – 0 point |
Definition of diversity as a part of corporate strategy | Yes–1 point No, I don´t know–0 point |
Which groups of employees are targeted by diversity programs in the organization?
| For each positive answer 1 point |
Do you implement programs of hiring, developing and preserving of diversity workforce? | Yes–1 point No, I don´t know–0 point |
Do you implement any of any of these diversity education programs?
| For each positive answer 1 point. |
Evaluation of the current level implementation of diversity programs/elements in the organization (1–diversity is not applied at all, 7–diversity is fully applied) | Rating by answer from 0/6 to 6/6 points per item ascending |
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Variables | Category | F | P | Variables | Category | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of healthcare facilities | university hospital highly sp. institute healthcare clinic general hospital special ambulance day care facility. Sum | 17 21 40 49 44 10 181 | 9.4 11.6 22.1 27.1 24.3 5.5 100.0 | Number of employees | micro small middle big Sum | 40 13 81 47 181 | 22.1 7.2 44.7 26.0 100.0 |
Legal form | joint stock com. NGO contributory limited company Sum | 68 7 13 93 181 | 37.5 3.9 7.2 51.4 100.0 | Market presence | Under 1 year 1–5 years 6–10 years Over 10 years Sum | 2 10 68 101 181 | 1.1 5.5 37.6 55.8 100.0 |
Ownership | private public Sum | 99 82 181 | 54.7 45.3 100.0 | Education level of respondent | Ing. MUDr. PhaRmDr. Sum | 20 160 1 181 | 11.0 88.4 0.6 100.0 |
Position of respondent | executive manager deputy superintendent director Sum | 54 18 2 107 181 | 29.85 9.95 1.1 59.1 100.0 | Completed management minimum | yes no Sum | 123 58 181 | 68.0 32.0 100.0 |
Finance management (number of profit years for the last 5 years) | 0 1 2 3 4 5 Sum | 1 46 92 27 6 9 181 | 0.6 25.4 50.8 14.9 3.3 5.0 100.0 |
Source | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corrected Model | 30,975.802 | 14 | 2212.557 | 245.721 | 0.000 |
Intercept | 26,326.778 | 1 | 26,326.778 | 2923.784 | 0.000 |
Ownership | 8247.441 | 1 | 8247.441 | 915.939 | 0.000 |
Size | 94.369 | 3 | 31.456 | 3.493 | 0.017 |
Spec_study | 0.645 | 1 | 0.645 | 0.072 | 0.789 |
Employee turnover | 33.526 | 2 | 16.763 | 1862 | 0.159 |
Employee satisfaction | 166.509 | 3 | 55.503 | 6164 | 0.001 |
Patient satisfaction | 33.483 | 3 | 11.161 | 1239 | 0.297 |
Finance management | 146.784 | 1 | 146.784 | 16.301 | 0.000 |
Error | 1494.722 | 166 | 9.004 | ||
Total | 681,170 | 181 | |||
Corrected Total | 32,470.524 | 180 |
Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||
58.31 | 0.70 | 56.94 | 59.69 |
Dependent Variable: Attitudes_Diversity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ownership | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
private | 70.54 | 0.75 | 69.05 | 72.02 |
public | 46.09 | 0.86 | 44.40 | 47.78 |
Dependent Variable: Attitudes_Diversity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Size | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
micro | 58.10 | 0.89 | 56.33 | 59.87 |
small | 55.72 | 1.31 | 53.14 | 58.30 |
middle | 59.44 | 0.78 | 57.90 | 60.97 |
big | 59.99 | 0.84 | 58.34 | 61.64 |
Dependent Variable: Attitudes_Diversity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Specialized Minimum | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
yes | 58.22 | 0.75 | 56.75 | 59.69 |
no | 58.40 | 0.80 | 56.82 | 59.98 |
Dependent Variable: Attitudes_Diversity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Employee Turnover | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
0–5% | 59.15 | 0.71 | 57.75 | 60.55 |
6–10% | 58.24 | 0.62 | 57.01 | 59.47 |
11–20% | 57.55 | 1.34 | 54.89 | 60.20 |
Dependent Variable: Attitudes_Diversity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Employee Satisfaction–trend | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
unlisted | 56.69 | 0.61 | 55.50 | 57.89 |
decreasing | 58.29 | 1.67 | 54.99 | 61.58 |
not changing | 57.63 | 1.06 | 55.54 | 59.71 |
increasing | 60.64 | 0.91 | 58.85 | 62.43 |
Dependent Variable: Attitudes_Diversity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient Satisfaction–trend | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
unlisted | 57.52 | 0.71 | 56.12 | 58.92 |
decreasing | 58.21 | 1.38 | 55.50 | 60.93 |
not changing | 58.70 | 0.76 | 57.21 | 60.20 |
increasing | 58.82 | 0.93 | 56.99 | 60.64 |
Dependent Variable: Attitudes_diversity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | B | Std. Error | t | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||
Intercept | 47.162 | 1.774 | 26.583 | 0.000 | 43.659 | 50.665 |
Finance management | 1.314 | 0.325 | 4.037 | 0.000 | 0.671 | 1.956 |
Source | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corrected Model | 15,002.228 | 14 | 1071.588 | 14.255 | 0.000 |
Intercept | 12,572.284 | 1 | 12,572.284 | 167.248 | 0.000 |
Ownership | 823.849 | 1 | 823.849 | 10.960 | 0.001 |
Size | 2976.684 | 3 | 992.228 | 13.200 | 0.000 |
Spec_study | 88.178 | 1 | 88.178 | 1.173 | 0.280 |
Employee turnover | 153.423 | 2 | 76.711 | 1.020 | 0.363 |
Employee satisfaction | 473.181 | 3 | 157.727 | 2.098 | 0.102 |
Patient satisfaction | 615.318 | 3 | 205.106 | 2.729 | 0.046 |
Finance management | 222.026 | 1 | 222.026 | 2.954 | 0.088 |
Error | 12,478.460 | 166 | 75.171 | ||
Total | 259,285.720 | 181 | |||
Corrected Total | 27,480.688 | 180 |
Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||
41.78 | 2.01 | 37.81 | 45.76 |
Ownership | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
private | 45.65 | 2.17 | 41.36 | 49.94 |
public | 37.92 | 2.47 | 33.04 | 42.80 |
Size | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
micro | 39.09 | 2.58 | 33.99 | 44.20 |
small | 52.31 | 3.77 | 44.86 | 59.75 |
middle | 33.91 | 2.24 | 29.48 | 38.34 |
big | 41.82 | 2.42 | 37.05 | 46.59 |
Specialized Manag. Minimum | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
yes | 40.73 | 2.15 | 36.48 | 44.98 |
no | 42.84 | 2.31 | 38.27 | 47.40 |
Employee Turnover | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
0–5% | 41.12 | 2.05 | 37.07 | 45.17 |
6–10% | 43.19 | 1.80 | 39.64 | 46.75 |
11–20% | 41.03 | 3.88 | 33.37 | 48.70 |
Employee Satisfaction–trend | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
unlisted | 38.36 | 1.75 | 34.91 | 41.82 |
decreasing | 49.89 | 4.82 | 40.36 | 59.41 |
not changing | 38.67 | 3.05 | 32.64 | 44.69 |
Increasing | 40.22 | 2.62 | 35.04 | 45.39 |
Patient Satisfaction–trend | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
unlisted | 40.21 | 2.05 | 36.16 | 44.26 |
decreasing | 37.93 | 3.98 | 30.08 | 45.78 |
not changing | 41.89 | 2.19 | 37.56 | 46.21 |
Increasing | 47.10 | 2.68 | 41.82 | 52.39 |
Parameter | B | Std. Error | t | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||
Intercept | 38.617 | 5.126 | 7.533 | 0.000 | 28.496 | 48.738 |
Finance management | 1.615 | 0.940 | 1.719 | 0.088 | 0.240 | 3.471 |
Attitudes_diversity | Diversity_implement. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Attitudes_diversity | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.557 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | ||
N | 181 | 181 | |
Diversity_implementation | Pearson Correlation | 0.557 | 1 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | ||
N | 181 | 181 |
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Jankelová, N.; Joniaková, Z.; Procházková, K.; Blštáková, J. Diversity Management as a Tool for Sustainable Development of Health Care Facilities. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5226. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135226
Jankelová N, Joniaková Z, Procházková K, Blštáková J. Diversity Management as a Tool for Sustainable Development of Health Care Facilities. Sustainability. 2020; 12(13):5226. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135226
Chicago/Turabian StyleJankelová, Nadežda, Zuzana Joniaková, Katarína Procházková, and Jana Blštáková. 2020. "Diversity Management as a Tool for Sustainable Development of Health Care Facilities" Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5226. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135226