Implications of Climate Change on Nature-Based Tourism Demand: A Segmentation Analysis of Glacier Site Visitors in Southeast Iceland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Background
2.1. Visitors’ Coping Behavior Towards Climate Change Impacts
2.2. Glacier Tourists’ Responses to Climate Change
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Survey Design
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Overview of Glacier Site Visitor Characteristics and Their Travel Pattern
4.2. Visitors’ Behavioral Response to Visitation Implication Statements
4.3. Glacier Site Visitor Segments on Their Intended Visitation Behavior
4.4. Profiling the Segments with External Variables
4.4.1. Visitor Segments’ Socio-Demographic Characteristics
4.4.2. Visitor Segments’ Regional Travel Characteristics
4.4.3. Motivation, Experience Aspects and Climate Change Perception
5. Discussion
5.1. Glacier Tourism Demand Responds to Climate Change Induced Implications
5.2. Variation in Glacier Tourists’ Intended Behavior
5.3. Management Implications
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Willing to Visit a Glacier Site When… 1 | Mean | Std. Dev. | Item-Total Correlation | Cronb. Alpha | Implication Variables |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The walking to the glacier edge is 45 min | 3.79 | 1.178 | 0.731 | 0.84 | Walking time |
The walking time to glacier edge is 1.5 hrs. | 3.44 | 1.267 | 0.731 | ||
It is not possible to come within 150 m of the glacier | 3.20 | 1.237 | 0.767 | 0.87 | Proximity |
It is not possible to touch or stand on the glacier | 3.18 | 1.259 | 0.767 | ||
It is necessary to use motorized (jeep/truck) transport | 2.53 | 1.219 | 0.653 | 0.79 | Commercial Transportation |
It is necessary to take a boat for crossing a lake | 2.74 | 1.261 | 0.653 | ||
The glacier is considerably covered with debris and mud 2 | 2.68 | 1.11 | <0.4 | n.a. | Scenery |
It is necessary to take a guided tour for a safe passage 2 | 3.06 | 1.31 | <0.4 | n.a. | Safety Guidance |
Variables | Categories | N | % | Variables | Categories | N | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 273 | 49.1 | Country of residence | Iceland | 8 | 1.5 |
Male | 283 | 50.9 | Western Europe | 256 | 46.6 | ||
UK | 53 | 9.7 | |||||
Age | Under 25 years | 123 | 22.1 | Eastern Europe | 42 | 7.7 | |
25–34 years | 241 | 43.3 | Southern Europe | 46 | 8.4 | ||
35–44 years | 78 | 14.0 | USA/Canada | 111 | 20.2 | ||
45–55 years | 61 | 11.1 | Asia/Oceania | 25 | 4.6 | ||
66 years and older | 53 | 9.5 | Rest of the world | 8 | 1.5 | ||
Length of stay in region | 1 day | 72 | 16.6 | Travel party | Individual | 41 | 7.4 |
2–4 days | 276 | 49.6 | Couple | 202 | 36.3 | ||
5–10 days | 122 | 21.9 | Family | 59 | 10.6 | ||
11 days or more | 21 | 3.8 | Small group | 181 | 32.6 | ||
Big group | 61 | 11.0 | |||||
Previous times at a glacier site | First time | 275 | 49.5 | Other | 12 | 2.2 | |
1–3 times before | 195 | 35.1 | |||||
4–10 times before | 59 | 10.6 | Activities interested in doing in the region # | Sightseeing | 400 | 71.9 | |
11 times or more before | 27 | 4.9 | Hiking | 397 | 71.4 | ||
Glacier tour | 339 | 61.0 | |||||
Hours spent at glacier sites | 1 h or less | 29 | 5.2 | Swimming/bathing | 189 | 34.0 | |
2–4 h | 215 | 38.7 | Camping 1 | 175 | 31.5 | ||
5–10 h | 266 | 47.8 | |||||
11 h or longer | 44 | 7.9 | Activities done at glacier sites # | View glacier from distance | 421 | 75.7 | |
Guided walk | 204 | 36.7 | |||||
Glacier lake boat tour 1 | 84 | 15.1 | |||||
Ice cave tour 2 | 63 | 11.3 |
Variables | Categories | Mean | SD | Variables | Categories | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Important motivation for glacier visit # | Experience new and different things | 4.45 | 0.84 | Importance aspects for visit experience # | Scenery | 4.31 | 0.83 |
See a glacier in real-life | 4.33 | 0.93 | Unique environment | 4.29 | 0.83 | ||
Be close to nature | 4.31 | 0.90 | Being in an untouched natural environment | 4.16 | 0.94 | ||
Thrilling Experience | 3.94 | 1.14 | Come close to glacier | 3.99 | 1.05 | ||
Have a change from everyday life | 3.87 | 1.19 | Seeing glacier attributes | 3.95 | 1.08 | ||
Experience peace and calm | 3.80 | 1.19 | Being in a challenging environment | 3.68 | 1.15 | ||
Friends and Family | 3.51 | 1.36 | Learning about glaciers | 3.55 | 1.13 | ||
Visit a glacier before it disappears | 3.46 | 1.27 | Seeing real-life impacts of climate change | 3.45 | 1.17 | ||
A story to tell | 3.19 | 1.31 | Weather conditions | 3.43 | 1.17 | ||
Develop personal. spiritual values | 2.78 | 1.39 | Size of the glacier | 3.23 | 1.05 | ||
The importance of a glacier for # | A visit to Iceland | 3.46 | 1.17 | Climate change perception * | Climate change is happening now | 4.56 | 0.76 |
A visit to the region | 3.79 | 1.16 | Climate change is the result of human activity | 4.26 | 0.94 | ||
Climate change is the result of natural causes | 2.99 | 1.17 | |||||
I am concerned about climate change | 3.97 | 1.02 |
Visitation Implication Variables | Cluster 1 (N = 169) | Cluster 2 (N = 186) | Cluster 3 (N = 201) | F | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Susceptible visitor | Resistant visitor | Adaptive visitor | |||
Walking-Time | 3.49 | 4.42 | 2.99 | 109.040 | <0.001 |
Proximity | 2.89 | 4.12 | 2.58 | 135.304 | <0.001 |
Scenery | 2.26 | 3.32 | 2.28 | 64.362 | <0.001 |
Com.-Transportation | 1.62 | 3.13 | 3.02 | 153.209 | <0.001 |
Safety-Guidance | 1.61 | 3.9 | 3.68 | 368.879 | <0.001 |
Visitor cluster Profile (Variable/Categories) | Susceptible Visitor | Resistant Visitor | Adaptive Visitor | χ2 | p-value | Cramer’s V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 11.15 | 0.01 | 0.142 | |||
Female | 70 (41%) * | 109 (59%) * | 94 (47%) | |||
Male | 99 (59%) * | 77 (41%) * | 107 (53%) | |||
Country of residence | 52.02 | <0.001 | 0.231 | |||
N-Western Europe | 101 (61%) ** | 89 (49%) | 66 (33%) ** | |||
USA/Canada | 29 (17%) | 32 (18%) | 50 (25%) | |||
UK | 7 (4%) ** | 27 (15%) ** | 19 (10%) | |||
Southern Europe | 15 (9%) | 15 (8%) | 16 (8%) | |||
Eastern Europe | 6 (4%) | 13 (7%) | 23 (12%) ** | |||
Asia/Oceania | 3 (2%) | 6 (3%) | 16 (8%) ** | |||
Iceland | 3 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (3%) | |||
Rest of the world | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 5 (3%) |
Visitor Cluster Profile (Variable/Categories) | Susceptible Visitor | Resistant Visitor | Adaptive Visitor | χ2 | p-Value | Cramer’s V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of days respondent stays in region | 25.116 | <0.001 | 0.150 | |||
1 day | 37 (22%) | 33 (18%) | 67 (33%) * | |||
2–4 days | 88 (52%) | 96 (52%) | 92 (46%) | |||
5–10 days | 34 (20%) | 55 (30%) * | 33 (16%) | |||
11 days or more | 10 (6%) | 2 (1%) | 9 (4%) | |||
Regional activities interested in | ||||||
Interested in camping # | 53% | 44% | 33% | 12.636 | 0.002 | 0.139 |
Interested in glacier tour | 47% | 61% | 73% | 29.996 | <0.001 | 0.216 |
Interested in snowmobiling | 11% | 25% | 27% | 7.611 | 0.001 | 0.162 |
Interested in museum visit | 12% | 21% | 10% | 9.485 | 0.009 | 0.131 |
Tour participation | 17.213 | <0.001 | 0.240 | |||
Did not participate in guided tour | 106 (63%) | 83 (45%) | 86 (43%) | |||
Did participate in guided tour | 63 (37%) | 103 (55%) | 115 (57%) | |||
Activities done at glacier sites | ||||||
View glacier from a short distance | 145 (86%) | 142 (76%) | 134 (66%) | 18.338 | <0.001 | 0.182 |
Guided glacier walk | 25 (15%) | 78 (42%) | 101 (50%) | 52.996 | <0.001 | 0.309 |
Hiking (non-guided) | 29 (17%) | 22 (12%) | 12 (6%) | 12.573 | 0.003 | 0.144 |
F-value | Sig. | Eta | ||||
Amount of time spent at glacier site(s) in the region (on average) | 6.9 h a | 6.4 h | 5.0 h a | 4.602 | 0.01 | 0.128 |
Visitor Cluster Profile (Variable/Categories) | Susceptible Visitor | Resistant Visitor | Adaptive Visitor | F-Value | Sig. | Eta |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Importance of visiting a glacier when visiting the region 1 | 3.60 a | 3.73 b | 4.00 ab | 5.709 | 0.004 | 0.142 |
Motivation to visit glacier site 1 | ||||||
Be close to nature | 4.35 a | 4.50 b | 4.09 ab | 5.472 | <0.001 | 0.192 |
Thrilling experience | 3.67 ab | 3.96 a | 4.14 b | 7.967 | <0.001 | 0.168 |
Have a change from everyday life | 3.62 ab | 4.02 a | 3.93 b | 5.472 | 0.004 | 0.140 |
A story to tell | 2.87 a | 3.17 b | 3.49 ab | 10.437 | <0.001 | 0.192 |
Aspect for experience on a glacier site 1 | ||||||
Scenery | 4.23 a | 4.47 ab | 4.24 b | 4.811 | 0.008 | 0.132 |
Learning about glaciers | 3.40 a | 3.79 ab | 3.46 b | 6.474 | 0.002 | 0.152 |
Seeing real-life impacts of climate change | 3.17 a | 3.73 ab | 3.42 b | 10.581 | <0.001 | 0.194 |
Perception of climate change 2 | ||||||
Climate change is happening now | 4.57 | 4.70 a | 4.41 a | 6.983 | 0.001 | 0.157 |
Climate change is the result of human activity | 4.28 | 4.40 a | 4.11 a | 4.533 | 0.01 | 0.127 |
I am concerned about climate change | 3.87 a | 4.19 ab | 3.86 b | 6.5 | 0.002 | 0.152 |
Climate change is the result of natural causes | 2.73 ab | 3.08 a | 3.12 b | 6.02 | 0.003 | 0.146 |
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Welling, J.; Árnason, Þ.; Ólafsdóttir, R. Implications of Climate Change on Nature-Based Tourism Demand: A Segmentation Analysis of Glacier Site Visitors in Southeast Iceland. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5338. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135338
Welling J, Árnason Þ, Ólafsdóttir R. Implications of Climate Change on Nature-Based Tourism Demand: A Segmentation Analysis of Glacier Site Visitors in Southeast Iceland. Sustainability. 2020; 12(13):5338. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135338
Chicago/Turabian StyleWelling, Johannes, Þorvarður Árnason, and Rannveig Ólafsdóttir. 2020. "Implications of Climate Change on Nature-Based Tourism Demand: A Segmentation Analysis of Glacier Site Visitors in Southeast Iceland" Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5338. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135338
APA StyleWelling, J., Árnason, Þ., & Ólafsdóttir, R. (2020). Implications of Climate Change on Nature-Based Tourism Demand: A Segmentation Analysis of Glacier Site Visitors in Southeast Iceland. Sustainability, 12(13), 5338. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135338