The Inventory of Pollutants Hazardous to the Health of Living Organisms, Emitted by Road Transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
- intended use of vehicle;
- conventional size of a vehicle and its propulsion engine;
- properties of vehicles and their propulsion engines regarding e.g., pollutant emission;
- type of fuel;
- technological level of vehicles and their propulsion engines (i.e., the advancement of the applied technical solutions that affect vehicle and engine properties, which are considered relevant for the classification of vehicles into categories).
- internal combustion engine heated to a stable temperature;
- internal combustion engine heating up;
- fuel evaporation from the car fuel system.
3. The Results of Pollutant Emission Inventory
4. Analysis of the Results of Pollutant Emission Inventory
5. Conclusions
- Between 1990 and 2017, the national annual emission from road vehicles in Poland has increased for some substances, first of all, for particulate matter size fraction and, to a lesser extent, for nitrogen oxides. This is mostly the consequence of the dynamic development of motorization in Poland after 1989. The national annual emissions of carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds, in spite of the dynamic development of motorization, have decreased. The measure of the dynamic development of the automotive industry in Poland is an increase in the number of vehicles from about 8 million in 1990 to over 29 million in 2017. Additionally, the total annual mileage of vehicles increased from about 67 billion km in 1990 to about 223 billion km in 2017. This resulted in an increase in the total energy consumption of vehicles from 285.73 PJ in 1990 to 864.75 PJ in 2017. In the face of such dynamic development of the automotive industry in Poland after 1990, the results of the inventory of pollutant emission in the years 1990–2017 should be considered favorable, due to the actions taken in road transport for environmental protection.
- The relative reduction in national annual emission is the greatest for carbon monoxide—almost 120%—and for non-methane volatile organic compounds it is almost 85%. The relative increase in the national annual emission of nitrogen oxides is equal to about 25%, and the total particulate matter—almost 75%—including the PM10 fraction—over 60%—and PM2.5—about 50%. The results of the relative reduction in the emission of the particle size fraction confirm the fact that reducing the emission of particles from sources other than the exhaust system of internal combustion engines is one of the most difficult technical tasks.
- Between 1990 and 2017, the average specific distance emission arising from road vehicles has decreased considerably. This clear improvement in the intensive characteristic of pollutant emission results from significant upgrading of the vehicle technology level in terms of reducing emission. In addition, it is known that the intensity of use of vehicles of higher ecological categories is much greater than of vehicles of lower ecological categories [18], which is confirmed by the data for inventory of pollutant emission from road transport in Poland, documented in the report [15].
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Chemical Formula or Abbreviation |
---|---|
Carbon monoxide | CO |
Non-methane volatile organic compounds | NMVOC |
Nitrogen oxides reduced to nitrogen dioxide | NOx |
Sulphur oxides, in sulphur dioxide equivalent terms | SO2 |
Ammonia | NH3 |
Total suspended particles | TSP |
Particulate matter fractions | PM10, PM2.5 |
Black carbon | BC |
Persistent organic pollutants | POPs (PAHs, HCB, PCBs, dioxins/furans) |
Main heavy metals | Pb, Cd, Hg |
Additional heavy metals | As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn |
Carbon dioxide | CO2 |
Methane | CH4 |
Dinitrogen monoxide | N2O |
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Bebkiewicz, K.; Chłopek, Z.; Lasocki, J.; Szczepański, K.; Zimakowska-Laskowska, M. The Inventory of Pollutants Hazardous to the Health of Living Organisms, Emitted by Road Transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135387
Bebkiewicz K, Chłopek Z, Lasocki J, Szczepański K, Zimakowska-Laskowska M. The Inventory of Pollutants Hazardous to the Health of Living Organisms, Emitted by Road Transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017. Sustainability. 2020; 12(13):5387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135387
Chicago/Turabian StyleBebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Jakub Lasocki, Krystian Szczepański, and Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. 2020. "The Inventory of Pollutants Hazardous to the Health of Living Organisms, Emitted by Road Transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017" Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135387