Complexity of the Socio-Ecological Dynamics in Hong Ha Commune in the Vietnamese Highland—A Review through the Coupled Human and Natural Systems Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. The CHANS Framework
2.3. Literature Review
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Reciprocal Interactions and Feedback Loops
3.2. Non-Linearity and Thresholds
3.3. Surprises
3.4. Heterogeneity
3.5. Telecoupling
3.6. Vulnerability
3.7. Time Lags and Legacy Effects
3.8. Summary
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Complexity Feature | Examples |
---|---|
Reciprocal interactions and feedback loops (Section 3.1) | (Positive feedback loop) Forest use → Forest degradation → Increased flood damage to agricultural land → Increased forest use; (Negative feedback loop) Forest use → Forest degradation → Increased flood damage to agricultural land → Alternative income generation from tourism → Decreased forest use |
Non-linearity and thresholds (Section 3.2) | (Non-linearity) Smaller response of crop yield with larger agrochemical input; Strong initial decrease in crop yield on hillside land; Long-term increase of crop yield on fruit tree land; (Thresholds) Labor constraints prevent illegal forest use >2 km from settlement; Forest regeneration only within 20–30 m from natural forest edge |
Surprises (Section 3.3) | Decrease in forest quality after introducing strict forest protection policies; Decrease in household size despite lower resource efficiency |
Heterogeneity (Section 3.4) | (Spatial) Crop yield variation by slope gradient; Impact of governmental development projects; (Temporal) Shift of main income source from agriculture over Acacia cultivation to tourism; (Across population) Service-related income of Kinh; Advantages of Kinh in Acacia sales |
Telecoupling (Section 3.5) | Coupling of highland water runoff to lowland floods; Influxes of income and visitors through ecotourism; Dependency on timber markets through Acacia cultivation |
Vulnerability (Section 3.6) | Vulnerabilities to flood damage, invasive Imperata grasses, diseases, and storms/typhoons |
Time lags and legacy effects (Section 3.7) | (Time lags) 15 years between suspending forest protection policy and increases in agricultural land/farm size; 20 years between change in forest protection policy and difference in income distribution; Seven years between Acacia planting and generation of income; (Legacy effects) Effects of Vietnam War and migration. |
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Schäfer, H.; Miyaguchi, T.; Yoshizumi, M.; Tung, N.N. Complexity of the Socio-Ecological Dynamics in Hong Ha Commune in the Vietnamese Highland—A Review through the Coupled Human and Natural Systems Framework. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156232
Schäfer H, Miyaguchi T, Yoshizumi M, Tung NN. Complexity of the Socio-Ecological Dynamics in Hong Ha Commune in the Vietnamese Highland—A Review through the Coupled Human and Natural Systems Framework. Sustainability. 2020; 12(15):6232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156232
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchäfer, Holger, Takaaki Miyaguchi, Miki Yoshizumi, and Nguyen Ngoc Tung. 2020. "Complexity of the Socio-Ecological Dynamics in Hong Ha Commune in the Vietnamese Highland—A Review through the Coupled Human and Natural Systems Framework" Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156232