Measurement of Permeability in Horizontal Direction of Open-Graded Friction Course with Rutting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. Test Equipment and Method
3.1. Wheel Tracking Test
3.1.1. Test Equipment
3.1.2. Specimen Preparation
- (1)
- Preparation of the WT specimen mold (Figure 5a);
- (2)
- Preparation of the OGFC specimen; shape: square, length of one side: 300 ± 5 mm, and thickness: 50 mm;
- (3)
- (4)
- Curing the compacted specimen at room temperature for 12 h;
- (5)
- Curing the specimen at a constant temperature of 60 ± 0.5 °C for 5 h before beginning the test. Maximum curing time should be 24 h;
- (6)
- Positioning a testing wheel (width: 50 mm) at the center of the specimen and applying a parallel reciprocating wheel load of 686 N in the vehicle travel direction with a frequency of 42 times per minute at the center of the specimen (Figure 5b); and
- (7)
- Measuring and recording the depth of rutting at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. Complete the test when 4, 8, and 12 mm ruts have been generated in the specimens with porosities of 10.3%, 15.6%, and 19.6%, respectively (Figure 5c).
3.2. Horizontal Permeability Test
3.2.1. Equipment Development
- (1)
- Specimen Mold Fixture
- (2)
- Water Tank
- (3)
- Head-Adjusting Part
3.2.2. General Procedures
- (1)
- Mark the direction in which the horizontal permeability will be evaluated in the test specimen (Figure 7a).
- (2)
- (3)
- Commence water penetration and saturating of the test specimen by injecting water at the top of the specimen mold fixture and discharge excess water to the water tank (Figure 7e).
- (4)
- Measure the amount of overflow per hour and evaluate the horizontal permeability if water accumulates and the water level becomes uniform, based on the overflow (Figure 7f).
- (5)
- Rotate the test specimen by 90° and repeat the test procedure shown in Figure 7d–f.
3.2.3. Permeability after Rutting
- (1)
- Prepare the specimen with rutting via the WT test.
- (2)
- Seal the rutted portion with impermeable material (Figure 7b).
- (3)
- Perform the horizontal permeability test.
- (4)
- Measure the horizontal permeability.
4. Test Results
4.1. Horizontal Permeability
4.2. Horizontal Permeability after Rutting
5. Practical Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mixture | OGFC-19.6 | OGFC-15.6 | OGFC-10.3 |
---|---|---|---|
Measured density (g/cm3) | 1.936 | 2.020 | 2.128 |
Theoretical density (g/cm3) | 2.407 | 2.393 | 2.373 |
Air void content (%) | 19.6 | 15.6 | 10.3 |
Asphalt content (%) | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.1 |
Draindown (%) | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
Cantabro loss (%) | 11.1 | 12.6 | 13.0 |
Test | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Viscosity (135 °C) | 3.4 | Pa·s |
G*/sinδ (original) (82 °C) | 1.27 | kPa |
G*/sinδ (after RTFO) (82 °C) | 2.49 | kPa |
G*·sinδ (after PAV) (28 °C) | 564 | kPa |
Flash point | 342 | °C |
Stiffness (−24 °C) | 194 | MPa |
m-value (−24 °C) | 0.32 | °C |
Head-adjusting pedestal thickness (mm) | 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270 | 300 | 330 | 360 | 390 |
Hydraulic gradient (i) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
Urban Expressways | Main Arterial Roads | Minor Arterial Roads | Collector Roads | Local Roads | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lane width (m) | 3.5 | 3.25–3.5 | 3.0–3.25 | 3.0 | 2.75–3.0 |
Design speed (km/h) | 80–100 | 60–80 | 50–60 | 40–50 | 30–40 |
Main function | Network arterial road connector | Urban arterial road network connector | Complementing the main arterial roads | Establishment of major road networks in urban areas | Road starting and ending points |
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Share and Cite
Yoo, J.; Nguyen, T.H.; Lee, E.; Lee, Y.; Ahn, J. Measurement of Permeability in Horizontal Direction of Open-Graded Friction Course with Rutting. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6428. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166428
Yoo J, Nguyen TH, Lee E, Lee Y, Ahn J. Measurement of Permeability in Horizontal Direction of Open-Graded Friction Course with Rutting. Sustainability. 2020; 12(16):6428. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166428
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoo, Jaewon, Tan Hung Nguyen, Eungu Lee, Yunje Lee, and Jaehun Ahn. 2020. "Measurement of Permeability in Horizontal Direction of Open-Graded Friction Course with Rutting" Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6428. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166428