Enhancing Sustainable Urban Regeneration through Smart Technologies: An Assessment of Local Urban Regeneration Strategic Plans in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Key Concepts for Sustainable Urban Regeneration through Adapting Smart Technologies
2.2. Plan Evaluations
2.3. Plan Assessment Components and Indicators
3. Research Methods
3.1. Study Area Selection
3.2. Selection of Plan Evaluation Indicators
3.3. Plan Evaluation Process
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Plan Components
4.1.1. Factual Bases
4.1.2. Goals/Objectives
4.1.3. Policies/Strategies
4.1.4. Implementation
4.1.5. Coordination
4.2. Plan Scores for Municipalities Sampled
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sector | Factual Basis (n = 39) | Breadth | Depth |
Commercial (n = 3) | Existing (Declining) Commercial Distribution | 0.44 | 0.79 |
Traditional Markets | 0.7 | 0.81 | |
Floating Population | 0.07 | 0.88 | |
Industry (n = 7) | Working Age Population | 0.87 | 0.9 |
Businesses and Employees | 0.98 | 0.92 | |
Social Economic Organization | 0.72 | 0.74 | |
Decrepit Industrial Complexes | 0.06 | 0.5 | |
High-tech Industrial Employee | 0.7 | 0.84 | |
Specialized Industry | 0.33 | 0.63 | |
Public Land | 0.26 | 0.8 | |
Society (n = 9) | Educational Facilities | 0.87 | 0.7 |
Basic Livelihood Security Recipient | 0.57 | 0.9 | |
Aging Rate | 0.98 | 0.93 | |
Urban Regeneration Support Center | 0.44 | 0.58 | |
Community Consultative Group | 0.56 | 0.68 | |
Community Facilities | 0.52 | 0.7 | |
Rental Housing | 0 | 0 | |
Housing Occupancy | 0.13 | 0.75 | |
Population Transfer Rate | 0.96 | 0.97 | |
Culture (n = 4) | Culture and Sports Facilities | 0.81 | 0.76 |
Cultural Programs and Organizations | 0.24 | 0.62 | |
Culture Tourism Resources | 0.98 | 0.86 | |
Local Festival | 0.83 | 0.69 | |
Space (n = 5) | River | 0.44 | 0.67 |
Green Infrastructure | 0.85 | 0.73 | |
Disaster | 0.07 | 0.69 | |
Natural Disaster Vulnerability Zone | 0.24 | 0.77 | |
CCTV Distribution | 0.06 | 0.67 | |
Energy (n = 2) | Eco-friendly Building | 0 | 0 |
Renewable Energy Generation Rate and Supply Support | 0.04 | 0.38 | |
Transportation (n = 5) | Public Transportation | 0.39 | 0.61 |
Bicycle Path | 0.13 | 0.68 | |
Main Road | 0.76 | 0.65 | |
Parking Lot | 0.7 | 0.64 | |
Exclusive Pedestrian Road and Safety Zone | 0 | 0 | |
Residence (n = 4) | Deteriorated and Unauthorized Buildings | 0.96 | 0.97 |
Vacant and Deserted Housing | 0.26 | 0.84 | |
Residential Environment Improvement Project District | 0.44 | 0.73 | |
Housing Type | 0.7 | 0.57 | |
Sector | Goals & Objectives (n = 16) | Breadth | |
Commercial (n = 1) | Activation through the Creation of Distinctive Commercial | 0.44 | |
Industry (n = 2) | Creating a Job | 0.37 | |
Fostering high-tech and Specialized Industries | 0.39 | ||
Society (n = 3) | Expansion of Basic Living Infrastructure | 0.65 | |
Activating Resident Capacity and Participation | 0.85 | ||
Maintenance a Sustainable Network | 0.56 | ||
Culture (n = 2) | Expanding Cultural Infrastructure | 0.54 | |
Establishing Regional Characteristics through the Utilization of Local Resources | 0.89 | ||
Space (n = 2) | Expanding Urban Green Infrastructure | 0.24 | |
Enhancement Urban Resilience | 0.17 | ||
Energy (n = 2) | Efficient Use of Energy | 0 | |
Building a Circular Environment of Resources | 0.02 | ||
Transportation (n = 2) | Building a Convenient Transportation System | 0.13 | |
Building a Safe Transportation System | 0.11 | ||
Residence (n = 2) | Utilizing Space through the Maintenance of Vacant and Deteriorated Buildings | 0.09 | |
Expanding Residential Environment Improvement Project | 0.5 | ||
Sector | Policies & Strategies (n = 41) | Breadth | Depth |
Commercial (n = 2) | Providing Themes within Commercial | 0.85 | 0.68 |
Network Formation between Merchants and Neighboring Residents | 0.07 | 0.5 | |
Industry (n = 5) | Venture(start-up) Business Support | 0.56 | 0.65 |
Social Economy Organization Support | 0.43 | 0.63 | |
Provision of Smart Manpower Training | 0.02 | 0.5 | |
Enhancing Decrepit Industry | 0.3 | 0.53 | |
Building Industry-related Database | 0.02 | 0.5 | |
Society (n = 8) | Provision of Community Space | 0.8 | 0.72 |
Provision of Smart Elderly Care Services | 0.04 | 0.5 | |
Implementation Education to Strengthen Resident Capacity | 0.81 | 0.7 | |
Expanding Acceptance of Projects Proposed by Residents | 0.19 | 0.5 | |
Support Community Consultation Group | 0.43 | 0.7 | |
Expansion of the Supply of Public Rental Housing | 0.35 | 0.58 | |
Operation of Public Rental Shopping District | 0.19 | 0.6 | |
Establishment of Community Regeneration Corporation (CRC) | 0 | 0 | |
Culture (n = 3) | Creating Various Cultural Facilities and Programs | 0.87 | 0.78 |
Fostering Culture and Art-based Industries | 0.61 | 0.74 | |
Promotion of Smart Historical Culture and Tourism Industry | 0.93 | 0.78 | |
Space (n = 6) | Securing Urban Parks and Green Areas | 0.91 | 0.77 |
Expansion the Application of LID Techniques | 0.11 | 0.67 | |
Application of Crime Prevention Design (CPTED) | 0.74 | 0.68 | |
Establishing an Environmental Monitoring and Pollution Notification System | 0 | 0 | |
Designating a Disaster Risk Improvement Project District | 0 | 0 | |
Mixed-use | 0.02 | 0.5 | |
Energy (n = 4) | Provision of Incentives for Green Building Certification | 0 | 0 |
Establishment of Energy Self-reliance and Linkage System | 0.22 | 0.5 | |
Introduction of Renewable Transportation | 0.02 | 0.5 | |
Introduction of Waste Collection Management Technology | 0.02 | 0.5 | |
Transportation (n = 7) | Building a Public Transportation Convenience System | 0.28 | 0.67 |
Providing Big Data-based Transportation Services | 0 | 0 | |
Expansion of Bicycle Paths and Related Facilities | 0.26 | 0.54 | |
Operation of Smart Parking Lot | 0.07 | 0.5 | |
Creating a Pedestrian-centered Environment | 0.85 | 0.68 | |
Operation of Pedestrian Safety Service | 0.04 | 0.5 | |
Operation of Driver Safety Service | 0.02 | 0.5 | |
Residence (n = 6) | Support for Remodeling of Deteriorated Housing and Empty Housing | 0.69 | 0.7 |
Building Public Facilities through Purchase Building | 0.46 | 0.62 | |
Activation Construction Agreement | 0.02 | 0.5 | |
Supply of Various Housing | 0.06 | 0.5 | |
Implementation of Residential Environment Improvement Project | 0.8 | 0.76 | |
Geographic Information System (GIS) Based Urban Information Guide | 0 | 0 | |
Implementation (n = 5) | Breadth | Depth | |
Implementation Timeline | 0.26 | 0.64 | |
Strategy Department | 0.74 | 0.8 | |
Budget Plan | 0.8 | 0.72 | |
Monitoring Plan | 0.87 | 0.94 | |
Update Plan | 0.3 | 0.53 | |
Coordination (n = 6) | Breadth | Depth | |
Organization Reference in Plan Configuration | 0.48 | 0.62 | |
Local Government-Central Government and Public Enterprise Cooperation | 0.44 | 0.71 | |
Local Government-Affiliated Organization Cooperation | 0.19 | 0.5 | |
Local Government-Resident Cooperation | 0.87 | 0.6 | |
Local government-University Cooperation | 0.5 | 0.69 | |
Local Government-Company (Civic Group) Cooperation | 0.57 | 0.58 |
Appendix B
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Factor | Economy | Society/Culture | Environment | Livability | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sector | Commercial | Industry | Society | Culture | Space | Energy | Transportation | Residence |
Factual Bases (n = 39) | Existing (Declining) Commercial Distribution, Traditional Markets, Floating Population | Working Age Population, Businesses and Employees, Social Economic Organization, Decrepit Industrial Complexes, High-tech Industrial Employee, Specialized Industry, Public Land | Community Facilities, Educational Facilities, Urban Regeneration Support Center, Aging, Basic Livelihood Security Recipient, Community Consultative Group, Rental Housing, Housing Occupancy, Population Transfer Rate | Culture and Sports Facilities, Cultural Programs and Organizations, Culture Tourism Resources, Local Festival | River, Green Infrastructure Ratio *, Disaster, Natural Disaster, Vulnerability Zone, CCTV Distribution | Eco-friendly, Building, Renewable Energy, Generation Ratio, and Supply Supporting Programs *. | “Public Transportation *, Bicycle Path, Main Road, Parking Lot, Exclusive Pedestrian Road and Safety Zone *” | Deteriorated and Unauthorized Buildings *, Vacant and Deserted Housing, Residential Environment Improvement Project District, Housing Type |
Goals and Objectives (n = 16) | Activation through the Creation of Distinctive Commercial | Creating Jobs, Fostering High-tech and Specialized Industries | Expansion of Basic living Infrastructure, Activating Resident Capacity and Participation, Maintenance of Sustainable Network | Expanding Cultural Infrastructure, Establishing Regional characteristics through the Utilization of Local Resources | Expanding Urban Green Infrastructure, Enhancement of Urban Resilience | Efficient Use of Energy, Building a Circular Environment of Resources | Building a Convenient Transportation System, Building a Safe Transportation System | Utilizing Space through the Maintenance of Vacant and Deteriorated Buildings, Expanding Residential Environment Improvement Project |
Policies and Strategies (n = 41) | Providing Themes within Commercial Areas, Networks Formation between Commercial and Neighboring Residential Area | Venture(start-up) Business Support, Social Economy Organization Support, Provision of Smart Job Training, Enhancing Decrepit Industry, Building Industry-related Database | Provision of Community Space, Provision of Smart Elderly Care Services, Implementation Education to Strengthen Resident Capacity, Expanding Acceptance of Projects Proposed by Residents, Support Community Consultation (Union) Groups *, Expansion of the Supply of Public Rental Housing, Operation of Public Rental Shopping District, Establishment of Community Regeneration Corporation (CRC) | Creating Various Cultural Facilities and Programs, Fostering Culture and Art-based Industries, Promotion of Smart Historical Culture and Tourism Industries * | Securing Urban Parks and Green Areas, Expansion the Application of LID Techniques, Application of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), Establishing Environmental Monitoring and Pollution Notification Systems *, Designating a Disaster Risk Improvement Project District, Mixed-use | Provision of Incentives for Green Building Certification, Establishment of Energy Self-reliance and Efficiency Circulation System *, Introduction of Renewable Transportation, Introduction of Waste Collection Management Technology | Building a Public Transportation Convenience System *, Providing Big Data-based Transportation Services, Expansion of Bicycle Paths and Related Facilities, Operation of Smart Parking Lot, Creating a Pedestrian-centered Environment, Operation of Smart Pedestrian Safety Service, Operation of Driver Safety Service | Support for Remodeling of Deteriorated Housing and Empty Housing, Building Public Facilities through Purchase Building, Activation Construction Agreement, Supply of Various Housing, Implementation of Residential Environment Improvement Project, Geographic Information System (GIS) Based Smart Urban Information Guides |
References | Park et al., 2003; Park, 2009; Lee et al., 2011; Kim, 2013; Kim et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2015; park et al., 2015; Gachon University et al., 2016; Busan metropolitan, 2018; Byun, 2018; Cho et al., 2018; Jin et al., 2018; Joo et al., 2018; Won, 2019 | Park et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2017; Shin et al., 2017; Jang, 2018; Jeong, 2018; Moon et al., 2018; Park, 2018; Choi et al., 2019; Heo, 2019; Park et al., 2019 | Kim et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2011; Cho et al., 2013; Choi et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2016; Han et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2018; Rhee et al., 2018; LH, 2018; Mo, 2018; Cho, 2019 | Seo et al., 2014; Seo, 2014; Ki, 2015; Kim, 2015; Lee, 2015; Lee, 2015; Choi et al., 2017; Mo et al., 2017; The presidential committee on the fourth industrial revolution et al., 2018 | ||||
Implemen-tation (n = 5) | Implementation Timeline | Strategy Responsible Department | Budget Plan | Monitoring Plan | Update Plan | |||
Coordina-tion (n = 6) | Organization Reference in Plan Configuration | Local Government-Central Government and Public Enterprise Cooperation | Local Government-Affiliated Organization Cooperation | Local Government-Resident Cooperation | Local Government-University Cooperation | Local Government-Company (Civic Group) Cooperation | ||
References | Kim and Li, 2017; Kim and Tran, 2018; Woodruff and Stults, 2016 |
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Kim, H.W.; Aaron McCarty, D.; Lee, J. Enhancing Sustainable Urban Regeneration through Smart Technologies: An Assessment of Local Urban Regeneration Strategic Plans in Korea. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176868
Kim HW, Aaron McCarty D, Lee J. Enhancing Sustainable Urban Regeneration through Smart Technologies: An Assessment of Local Urban Regeneration Strategic Plans in Korea. Sustainability. 2020; 12(17):6868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176868
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hyun Woo, Dakota Aaron McCarty, and Jaekyung Lee. 2020. "Enhancing Sustainable Urban Regeneration through Smart Technologies: An Assessment of Local Urban Regeneration Strategic Plans in Korea" Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176868