Factors and Paths Affecting Payment for Forest Ecosystem Service: Evidence from Voluntary Forest Carbon Market in South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hypothesis Development
2.1. Carbon Markets and Forestry Offsets in Korea
2.2. Conceptual Development and Research Hypothesis
2.2.1. The Theory of Planned Behavior
2.2.2. Recognition
2.2.3. Intention
2.2.4. Participants’ Decision: Behavior
3. Methodology
3.1. Samples
3.2. PLS-SEM Estimation
3.3. Variables
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Validity Test
4.3. Common Method Bias Test
4.4. PLS-SEM Estimation
4.5. Mediation Effects
5. Conclusions and Implications
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Managerial Implications
5.3. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Registration (count) | 2 | 31 | 40 | 37 | 46 | 55 | 40 | 251 |
Area (ha) | 5 | 93 | 332 | 5551 | 6358 | 7812 | 11,544 | 31,695 |
Expected offset (ton) | 63 | 785 | 7888 | 45,041 | 64,474 | 80,574 | 117,183 | 316,008 |
Type | Aff | Ref | FM | FB | WP | Res | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transactions | 6 | 17 | 92 | 3 | 1 | 22 | 141 |
Non-Transaction | 4 | 33 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 24 | 71 |
Total (units) | 10 | 50 | 97 | 3 | 6 | 46 | 212 |
TPB Theory | Institutional Theory (Isomorphism) | Variables | Hypothesis |
---|---|---|---|
AFCO | Mimetic | Awareness of participants | H3 |
SN | Normative | Transparency in project operations | H4 |
PBC | Coercive | Expertise of the operating entity | H5 |
Item | Category | Freq. (n) | Percent. (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Path to knowing the social contribution of forest carbon offset | Press release | 5 | 8.33 |
Public presentation | 2 | 3.33 | |
Korea Forest Service | 21 | 35 | |
Korea forestry promotion Institution | 23 | 38.33 | |
Others | 9 | 15 | |
Affiliation | Enterprise | 6 | 10 |
Local governments | 21 | 35 | |
Public institutions | 9 | 15 | |
Private business | 23 | 38.33 | |
Consulting agency | 1 | 1.67 | |
Reasons for participating in forest carbon offset | Social contribution | 8 | 13.33 |
Advertisement | 2 | 3.33 | |
Government policy participation | 14 | 23.33 | |
Carbon absorber | 10 | 16.67 | |
Forest carbon transaction | 26 | 43.33 | |
Participation type | Transactional forest carbon offset | 29 | 48.33 |
Non-transactional forest carbon offset | 24 | 40 | |
Both | 7 | 11.67 | |
Location | Seoul | 8 | 13.33 |
Busan | 2 | 3.33 | |
Daegu | 1 | 1.67 | |
Incheon | 3 | 5 | |
Gwangju | 1 | 1.67 | |
Ulsan | 1 | 1.67 | |
Gyeonggi-do | 4 | 6.67 | |
Gangwon-do | 9 | 15 | |
Chungcheongnam-do | 9 | 15 | |
Chungcheongbuk-do | 5 | 8.33 | |
Jeollanam-do | 5 | 8.33 | |
Jeollabuk-do | 4 | 6.67 | |
Gyeongsangnam-do | 1 | 1.67 | |
Gyeongsangbuk-do | 7 | 11.67 | |
Position | Employee | 37 | 61.67 |
Executive | 2 | 3.33 | |
Forest owner | 21 | 35 | |
Total | 60 | 100 |
Construct [Reference] | Item (5-point Likert Scale) | Indicator | FL | M | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IU [65] | Compared to the services of other institutions or companies, the Korea Forest Service Institute’s services related to FCO systems were satisfactory. | IU2 | 0.86 *** | 3.12 | 1.20 |
I would like to use a scheme similar to the FCO Scheme. | IU4 | 0.91 *** | 3.20 | 1.20 | |
MI [15,16,65] | FCOs will improve because of the agencies involved in the FCO project. | MI1 | 0.75 *** | 3.62 | 1.01 |
Most of the organizations participating in the FCO project are positive about the FCO project. | MI2 | 0.89 *** | 3.67 | 1.23 | |
Organizations participating in the FCO project are expected to work well with companies involved in the FCO project. | MI3 | 0.90 *** | 3.33 | 1.11 | |
Organizations participating in the FCO Project are expected to work well with companies involved in the FCO Project. | MI4 | 0.88 *** | 3.38 | 1.07 | |
Employees of institutions participating in FCO projects will accept the FCO project positively. | MI5 | 0.91 *** | 3.55 | 1.08 | |
RI [15,16,31] | Entrepreneurs participating in forest-related projects expect the FCO project to work well. | RI3 | 0.93 *** | 4.42 | 0.76 |
Forest owners participating in forest-related projects expect the FCO project to work well. | RI4 | 0.93 *** | 4.25 | 0.93 | |
SN [15,16,40,66] | The work of a person in charge of the agency who is responsible for running the FCO system will be handled transparently and fairly. | SN1 | 0.95 *** | 3.80 | 0.93 |
The work of a feasibility evaluation committee member who evaluates the registration of FCO projects will be handled transparently and fairly. | SN2 | 0.91 *** | 3.93 | 0.84 | |
The overall work of the FCO project is handled in a transparent and fair manner. | SN3 | 0.94 *** | 3.93 | 0.82 | |
PBC [15,16,40,65,66] | The expertise of those in charge of the agency that runs the FCO system is high. | PBC1 | 0.76 *** | 3.47 | 1.12 |
The professionalism of the Feasibility Assessment Committee is high in assessing the registration of forest carbon smelting projects | PBC2 | 0.94 *** | 3.65 | 1.02 | |
Consultants who support the registration of forest carbon smelting projects are highly specialized. | PBC3 | 0.76 *** | 3.77 | 0.99 | |
The work of a person in charge of the agency in charge of running the FCO system will be handled transparently and fairly. | PBC4 | 0.92 *** | 3.72 | 0.95 | |
The work of a feasibility evaluation committee member who evaluates the registration of FCO projects will be handled transparently and fairly. | PBC5 | 0.94 *** | 3.77 | 0.96 | |
CC [44,46] | The chief executives of our organization (forest owner, CEO, executives, etc.) believe that the FCO business will help improve our performance in the future. | CC1 | 0.85 *** | 3.87 | 1.01 |
The chief executives of our organization believe that the FCO business will help to improve the competitiveness of the forest industry in the future. | CC2 | 0.94 *** | 3.95 | 1.00 | |
The chief executives of our organization believe that the FCO business will help to gain new forestry opportunities. | CC3 | 0.93 *** | 3.98 | 1.05 | |
The CEOs of our organization actively participate in the FCO business. | CC4 | 0.84 *** | 3.83 | 1.02 | |
AFCO [15,16,24,40,63,65,66] | I am well aware of the difference between “traded” and “non-traded” businesses, which are participatory types. | AFCO1 | 0.84 *** | 3.68 | 1.21 |
I am well aware of the difference between the FCO project and the emission trading system. | AFCO2 | 0.84 *** | 3.32 | 1.12 | |
I am well aware of how to prepare an FCO project plan. | AFCO3 | 0.86 *** | 2.97 | 1.05 | |
I am well aware of the frequency of monitoring the FCO project you are participating in. | AFCO4 | 0.87 *** | 3.15 | 1.21 | |
I am well aware of how to prepare an FCO monitoring report. | AFCO5 | 0.80 *** | 2.72 | 1.02 | |
I am well aware of the purpose of the operation of the social contribution-type FCO system. | AFCO6 | 0.75 *** | 3.63 | 1.12 | |
I am well aware of the administrative procedures related to the FCO project. | AFCO7 | 0.81 *** | 3.05 | 1.01 |
Cons. | alpha | CR | rho | AVE | IU | MI | RI | SN | PBC | CC | AFCO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IU | 0.72 | 0.88 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.88 | ||||||
MI | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.75 | 0.36 | 0.87 | |||||
RI | 0.84 | 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.93 | ||||
SN | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.42 | 0.58 | 0.32 | 0.93 | |||
PBC | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.75 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.83 | 0.87 | ||
CC | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.79 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.59 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.89 | |
AFCO | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.68 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.82 |
Statistics | AFCO→SN→PBC |
---|---|
Indirect effect | 0.254 |
Standard error | 0.075 |
Z-statistic | 3.401 |
p-value | 0.001 |
Normal confidence interval | (0.108, 0.400) |
Percentile confidence interval | (0.094, 0.396) |
Bias-corrected confidence interval | (0.090, 0.394) |
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Jo, J.-H.; Roh, T.; Hwang, J.; Lee, K.-h.; Lee, C. Factors and Paths Affecting Payment for Forest Ecosystem Service: Evidence from Voluntary Forest Carbon Market in South Korea. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7009. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177009
Jo J-H, Roh T, Hwang J, Lee K-h, Lee C. Factors and Paths Affecting Payment for Forest Ecosystem Service: Evidence from Voluntary Forest Carbon Market in South Korea. Sustainability. 2020; 12(17):7009. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177009
Chicago/Turabian StyleJo, Jang-Hwan, Taewoo Roh, Jongmin Hwang, Kyeong-hak Lee, and Changbae Lee. 2020. "Factors and Paths Affecting Payment for Forest Ecosystem Service: Evidence from Voluntary Forest Carbon Market in South Korea" Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7009. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177009