Utilization of Silicon Carbide Sludge as Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Heat Evolution of Geopolymers with SiC Sludge
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.3. DTA/TG of Geopolymers with SiC Sludge
3.4. 29Si NMR Spectra and Deconvolutions of Geopolymers with SiC Sludge
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | SiC Sludge | MK |
---|---|---|
SiO2 (wt %) | 75.40 | 51.80 |
Al2O3 (wt %) | 0.80 | 43.00 |
Fe2O3 (wt %) | 0.58 | 1.30 |
CaO (wt %) | 0.09 | 0.25 |
MgO (wt %) | N.D. 1 | N.D. 1 |
SO3 (wt %) | 0.06 | N.D. 1 |
Na2O (wt %) | N.D. 1 | 0.04 |
K2O (wt %) | 0.01 | 0.32 |
SiC (wt %) | 23.00 | N.D. 1 |
Mix Designation | NS/SS | MK (g) | SiC Sludge (g) | Sodium Silicate Solution (g) | 10 M NaOH (g) | Si/Al Mole Ratios |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.8NS0SCS | 0.8 | 500 | 0 | 240 | 260 | 1.01 |
0.8NS10SCS | 450 | 50 | 240 | 260 | 1.36 | |
0.8NS20SCS | 400 | 100 | 240 | 260 | 1.24 | |
0.8NS30SCS | 350 | 150 | 240 | 260 | 1.74 | |
0.8NS40SCS | 300 | 200 | 240 | 260 | 2.60 | |
1.2NS0SCS | 1.2 | 500 | 0 | 315 | 185 | 0.98 |
1.2NS10SCS | 450 | 50 | 315 | 185 | 1.34 | |
1.2NS20SCS | 400 | 100 | 315 | 185 | 1.22 | |
1.2NS30SCS | 350 | 150 | 315 | 185 | 1.87 | |
1.2NS40SCS | 300 | 200 | 315 | 185 | 2.72 | |
1.6NS0SCS | 1.6 | 500 | 0 | 374 | 126 | 1.16 |
1.6NS10SCS | 450 | 50 | 374 | 126 | 1.51 | |
1.6NS20SCS | 400 | 100 | 374 | 126 | 1.43 | |
1.6NS30SCS | 350 | 150 | 374 | 126 | 1.92 | |
1.6NS40SCS | 300 | 200 | 374 | 126 | 2.89 | |
2.0NS0SCS | 2.0 | 500 | 0 | 421 | 79 | 1.07 |
2.0NS10SCS | 450 | 50 | 421 | 79 | 1.48 | |
2.0NS20SCS | 400 | 100 | 421 | 79 | 1.23 | |
2.0NS30SCS | 350 | 150 | 421 | 79 | 1.78 | |
2.0NS40SCS | 300 | 200 | 421 | 79 | 2.67 |
Samples | NS/SS | Curing Time (Days) | Temperature (°C) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
50–230 | 230–400 | 400–750 | |||
0.8NS0SCS | 0.8 | 1 | 2.58 | 10.21 | 2.61 |
28 | 3.70 | 11.81 | 4.24 | ||
56 | 4.37 | 12.36 | 4.68 | ||
0.8NS10SCS | 1 | 2.77 | 10.20 | 2.35 | |
28 | 3.83 | 11.69 | 4.24 | ||
56 | 4.42 | 12.36 | 4.62 | ||
0.8NS20SCS | 1 | 3.72 | 10.09 | 2.33 | |
28 | 3.83 | 11.66 | 4.03 | ||
56 | 4.48 | 12.32 | 4.24 | ||
0.8NS30SCS | 1 | 3.49 | 10.08 | 2.22 | |
28 | 3.94 | 11.64 | 3.68 | ||
56 | 4.48 | 12.24 | 4.03 | ||
0.8NS40SCS | 1 | 3.49 | 10.06 | 1.95 | |
28 | 3.94 | 11.59 | 3.52 | ||
56 | 4.50 | 12.21 | 3.68 | ||
1.2NS0SCS | 1.2 | 1 | 3.49 | 10.97 | 2.73 |
28 | 3.94 | 12.51 | 4.09 | ||
56 | 4.51 | 12.96 | 4.77 | ||
1.2NS10SCS | 1 | 3.49 | 10.96 | 2.72 | |
28 | 4.14 | 12.49 | 4.07 | ||
56 | 4.55 | 12.93 | 4.34 | ||
1.2NS20SCS | 1 | 3.52 | 10.93 | 2.64 | |
28 | 4.21 | 12.46 | 3.99 | ||
56 | 4.55 | 12.86 | 4.33 | ||
1.2NS30SCS | 1 | 3.52 | 10.92 | 2.64 | |
28 | 4.25 | 12.42 | 3.96 | ||
56 | 4.61 | 12.75 | 4.21 | ||
1.2NS40SCS | 1 | 3.58 | 10.88 | 2.57 | |
28 | 4.25 | 12.39 | 3.90 | ||
56 | 4.61 | 12.65 | 4.14 |
Samples | Curing Time | Silicate Derivatives (%) | Deconvoluted Fractions of Silicon Centers (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4(0Al) | Q4(1Al) | Q4(2Al) | Q4(3Al) | Q4(4Al) | ||
0.8NS0SCS | 1 day | 10.07 | 1.41 | 2.11 | 0.66 | 5.62 | 16.17 | 35.85 | 28.11 |
0.8NS10SCS | 8.72 | 2.53 | 2.30 | 1.30 | 7.59 | 18.64 | 33.82 | 25.10 | |
0.8NS20SCS | 9.22 | 2.16 | 2.55 | 2.85 | 5.89 | 19.23 | 34.15 | 23.95 | |
0.8NS30SCS | 4.36 | 3.11 | 2.08 | 4.12 | 10.79 | 21.79 | 34.24 | 19.51 | |
0.8NS40SCS | 1.56 | 3.31 | 4.28 | 3.43 | 17.66 | 25.46 | 26.38 | 17.92 | |
0.8NS0SCS | 28 days | 10.22 | 4.62 | 4.39 | 0.46 | 7.06 | 16.06 | 34.32 | 22.87 |
0.8NS10SCS | 10.58 | 5.06 | 2.99 | 0.43 | 3.45 | 14.26 | 36.79 | 26.44 | |
0.8NS20SCS | 11.26 | 4.77 | 2.29 | 1.74 | 4.96 | 16.22 | 34.53 | 24.23 | |
0.8NS30SCS | 10.42 | 4.59 | 2.08 | 0.58 | 5.84 | 18.13 | 36.27 | 22.09 | |
0.8NS40SCS | 4.13 | 3.90 | 4.82 | 4.24 | 20.05 | 24.91 | 29.59 | 8.36 | |
1.2NS0SCS | 1 day | 7.74 | 3.61 | 3.10 | 2.45 | 9.81 | 20.39 | 33.55 | 19.35 |
1.2NS10SCS | 8.05 | 4.14 | 2.76 | 1.73 | 8.05 | 20.25 | 34.98 | 20.04 | |
1.2NS20SCS | 7.17 | 4.01 | 3.59 | 3.57 | 9.50 | 20.68 | 34.18 | 17.30 | |
1.2NS30SCS | 3.94 | 5.03 | 4.81 | 3.94 | 10.36 | 24.02 | 32.26 | 15.64 | |
1.2NS40SCS | 3.08 | 3.74 | 4.17 | 6.18 | 21.53 | 25.71 | 26.37 | 9.22 | |
1.2NS0SCS | 28 days | 6.44 | 5.77 | 4.89 | 2.94 | 10.88 | 19.99 | 34.43 | 14.66 |
1.2NS10SCS | 6.17 | 3.97 | 3.08 | 3.50 | 9.03 | 22.47 | 33.71 | 18.07 | |
1.2NS20SCS | 2.41 | 6.03 | 5.07 | 2.72 | 11.10 | 21.00 | 35.72 | 15.95 | |
1.2NS30SCS | 5.59 | 3.30 | 4.94 | 2.05 | 14.21 | 22.30 | 34.11 | 13.50 | |
1.2NS40SCS | 0.84 | 4.60 | 5.85 | 5.73 | 21.95 | 25.71 | 27.38 | 7.94 | |
1.6NS0SCS | 1 day | 5.00 | 3.81 | 3.81 | 3.40 | 13.58 | 25.66 | 30.69 | 14.05 |
1.6NS10SCS | 5.87 | 4.51 | 4.96 | 4.81 | 14.46 | 23.80 | 31.50 | 10.09 | |
1.6NS20SCS | 4.91 | 5.40 | 3.93 | 6.62 | 16.00 | 27.18 | 29.37 | 6.59 | |
1.6NS30SCS | 2.23 | 3.57 | 4.01 | 6.64 | 18.05 | 27.85 | 29.63 | 8.02 | |
1.6NS40SCS | 0.89 | 2.23 | 6.01 | 9.19 | 27.82 | 28.93 | 17.81 | 7.12 | |
1.6NS0SCS | 28 days | 5.03 | 1.76 | 3.27 | 4.94 | 12.63 | 24.54 | 30.97 | 16.86 |
1.6NS10SCS | 5.13 | 3.50 | 3.27 | 2.28 | 9.70 | 23.92 | 33.63 | 18.57 | |
1.6NS20SCS | 2.41 | 3.07 | 3.07 | 2.32 | 11.78 | 24.30 | 33.87 | 19.18 | |
1.6NS30SCS | 0.92 | 4.16 | 4.16 | 5.46 | 18.26 | 27.51 | 29.13 | 10.40 | |
1.6NS40SCS | 1.69 | 3.74 | 4.12 | 9.75 | 26.59 | 26.78 | 21.53 | 5.80 |
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Lin, K.-L.; Lo, K.-W.; Cheng, T.-W.; Lin, W.-T.; Lin, Y.-W. Utilization of Silicon Carbide Sludge as Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Materials. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187333
Lin K-L, Lo K-W, Cheng T-W, Lin W-T, Lin Y-W. Utilization of Silicon Carbide Sludge as Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Materials. Sustainability. 2020; 12(18):7333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187333
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Kae-Long, Kang-Wei Lo, Ta-Wui Cheng, Wei-Ting Lin, and Ya-Wen Lin. 2020. "Utilization of Silicon Carbide Sludge as Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Materials" Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187333