Towards a Circular Economy for the City of Seville: The Method for Developing a Guide for a More Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism (GAUS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Methodology
- Definition of the theoretical conceptual framework linking the concept of sustainability in architecture with its technical implications in terms of circular economy and its practical application in terms of scientific transfer to the professional field.
- Study of the scientific literature related to this framework as well as previous national and international experiences in transferring such information to society.
- Study and definition of agents involved in professional technical processes as generators of knowledge and information as well as potential users of the tool to be developed following the method defined by this research.
- Establishment of possible connections between agents, information, scientific knowledge, and knowledge transfer tools.
- Determine what type of tool is more appropriate for the transfer of knowledge on sustainability in architecture to society, and what features should define it.
- Proposal of method for the development of such a tool.
- Experimental development of the tool for a local, specific, and defined case study within the framework of action.
- Identification of the features that define this tool as useful, concise, and rigorous in scientific terms.
- Verification of results from the use of the tool.
- Review of the proposed method based on the results of using the experimental tool and consolidation of the outcomes.
2.2. Justification of the Case Study for the Experiment
3. Results
3.1. Proposed Method
- The proposed method for the development of transference tools is based on the following actions:
- Definition of the approach, scope, reach and objectives of the tool based on the criteria and needs defined in collaboration and agreement with the different local agents involved in the process of consultation and development of the tool. This phase is key and decisive since it is essential to properly define the scope of the tool in order to guarantee its conciseness as well as its scientific rigor.
- Exhaustive documentary research based on the search for tools, methodologies, and strategies in the field of sustainability in architecture as well as strategies and tools for dissemination and/or transfer to society in different contexts: International, national, and local, applicable to the case study. This will enable well-founded decisions to be made, both in terms of form and substance, for the tool being developed, meaning the suitable format it should have, as well as the simplified but rigorous content required.
- Development of local specific climate characterisation determining the potential bioclimatic strategies to be implemented. Understanding local climate conditions is essential to provide adequate passive solutions for comfort, as well as energy efficiency improvements within the framework of sustainability. This allows us to decide the type of actions in the field of architectural design, construction, and management to be included in the tool, based on the potential development of bioclimatic strategies in specific passive design systems.
- Historical, cultural, and anthropological analysis, from the field of architecture and limited to the scope of work previously defined according to this method, to determine which architectural cultural references should be considered. In order to do this, a sample of these references is compiled and prioritised according to their traditional use over time, excluding solutions that are unlikely or unusual due to the context, thus simplifying the number of specific proposals to be included in the tool.
- Once the context has been fully defined, the specific architectural references would be identified and their properties studied in terms of sustainability, taking into account their bioclimatic performance, their potential contribution to decarbonisation through their use and the potential improvement of the local circular economy that they could represent. This phase requires an important in-depth study of the architectural references involved and the scale considered. In the experimental case being developed, these would be the traditional materials and construction methods of Seville. Regarding architectural design, it would be required to study the bioclimatic performance of the most common building typologies for Seville and their defining characteristics, as well as the management in their design and construction that would involve the use of local resources and therefore, an improvement in terms of circular economy.
- Selection of cases that are justified and documented as proposals to be promoted by the tool, clearly defining the qualities that they should have, and that guarantee both their best bioclimatic performance and their contribution to the decarbonisation and/or improvement of the circular economy for the city.
- Definition of the most appropriate features and graphic format of the tool for the transmission of information and its dissemination. Finally, all this information must be transferred to the dissemination tool and its content with a well-studied graphic design that is capable of reaching users, in this case both citizens and technicians.
- Development and publication of the tool proposing the appropriate social and technical dissemination of the document with the aim of testing results, developing a specific planning for this purpose that enables it to be addressed to the appropriate and required agents for its verification.
- Adjustment and improvement of the tool after its final verification, and development of a management plan for its update and maintenance that consolidates it as a local reference tool in the long term.
3.2. Development of GAUS-D1 for Seville
3.2.1. GAUS Scope
- D1. Guide for a more sustainable construction in Seville (scale at materials and construction methods level): Analysis of the predominant construction techniques in Seville and a protocol for selecting and designing them from a sustainable approach.
- D2. Guide for a more sustainable building design in Seville (scale at place and building level): Protocol for the design of bioclimatic architecture, including water cycle and materials management.
- D3. Guide for a more sustainable urban design in Seville (scale at urban space level): Protocol for the design of urban spaces according to the context of Seville and ensuring their habitability.
- D4. Guide for a more sustainable urban planning in Seville (scale at urban planning level): Urban planning procedures design in terms of sustainability.
- D5. Guidelines for a more sustainable territorial planning of Seville and its surroundings (territorial scale): Guidelines for future territorial plans.
3.2.2. GAUS-D1 Objectives
- Promote the culture of sustainable construction, which respects the environment and the ecosystems’ energy cycles, applied at the local level, in the experimental case, Seville, according to its morphology, historical and cultural background, geographical location, and particular climatic parameters; offering a common long-term vision of Seville as a Sustainable City.
- Involve and engage governments, technicians (designers, architects, and builders), and citizens (energy consumers), contributing to the development of awareness and transfer strategies to society in order to “support the generation of more responsible users/consumers/citizens, who can make daily decisions focused on preserving resources throughout the production, consumption and waste process and who are better informed about their own consumption patterns”, in the words of Jordi Segalás [64].
- Be a reference document for technicians, organisations, and citizens, with scientific and technical endorsement, and equivalent to similar actions under development in other European Union countries.
- Contribute to the development of architectural strategies that generate more efficient products and services and promote the reuse of existing ones, providing a scope of implementation for both new build and renovation projects, and contribute to the goal of reducing energy consumption in buildings, including embodied energy in materials, in order to achieve the highest possible decarbonisation.
- Become a recommendation protocol in all stages of the architectural project (design, choice of materials, and construction techniques), construction (waste), and subsequent maintenance of the building. The legislative development, in terms of requirements, should progressively lead to the implementation of these measures, and could even become a subsequent legislative regulation. It must be continuously reviewed in order to be consistent.
- Do not have a prescriptive or regulatory nature, although it does have an incentive value for citizens to be qualified and certified by the competent government agencies (in the case of the local study, the Energy and Sustainability Agency of Seville [65]). These incentives, such as tax benefits on urban licenses or property-related taxes, are a real claim for their application.
- Promote the achievement of SDGs in the local area of Seville, specifically concerning the development of sustainability indicators in relation to circular economy based on those proposed by the European Union, with the capacity to transfer technical knowledge to society.
3.2.3. Documentary Research
- Be a recognised, rigorous, and scientifically referenced document.
- Constitute an administrative document with a legislative character, whether it is mandatory or not.
- Respond to the previously mentioned sustainability aspects from an architectural and urban approach, either from an environmental, economic, or social point of view.
- Definition of scales of action for decision making in each construction process [68].
3.2.4. Climate Characterisation and Potential Bioclimatic Strategies
3.2.5. Specification of Local Construction Techniques Related to Building Envelopes
3.2.6. Proposal of Actions for Improvement
3.2.7. Graphic Design and Structure
3.2.8. Social and Technical Dissemination of the Tool
4. Discussion
- The need for this type of document is currently unquestionable in Spain. The multiplicity of tools compiled in continuous development by numerous professional and educational entities of international scope corroborates this and also shows the need for transference to society.
- It is a relevant contribution that promotes the perception and commitment of Seville as a sustainable city.
- It becomes a reference document and tool for technicians, organisations, and citizens, with scientific and technical endorsement, comparable to similar initiatives being developed in other European Union countries.
- Given the specific measures it provides to reduce environmental impacts and energy consumption, including the energy embedded in materials, it represents an important contribution to the goal of near-zero-energy buildings to achieve the highest possible decarbonisation.
- It is a practical and concise guide that allows both organisations and users to evaluate and quantify renovation and construction activities within the framework of sustainability, in order to apply incentives and subsidies.
- It represents an important progress in terms of transfer to society from the field of architecture to sustainable development and the circular economy. The methodology and development criteria allow the tool to be transferred to another local context of similar scope.
- GAUS-D1 can be considered a basic and solid tool that brings together the technical knowledge needed to achieve the SDG and the transmission of that knowledge to society, getting involved in the daily actions defined by lifestyles.
4.1. Defining Successful GAUS-D1 Features
- Definition and contextualisation of a large part of the parameters due to the selection of a specific local case study, which makes it possible to limit the range of possible construction situations and avoid unjustified simplifications that would make the tool less rigorous.
- Detailed definition of the local context under consideration and all its physical (climate, orography, topography, urban form, etc.) and cultural (traditional building systems, traditional and/or common materials, historical and patrimonial chromaticism, etc.) conditions from the architectural point of view, in order to develop an accurate local analysis.
- Adaptation to the requirements in form and content, either practical, educational, or technical, defined by the local government, social, or business agents according to the analysis of the parties involved.
- Adaptation to the European developments regarding qualification of the construction industry in terms of sustainability, gathering updated regulations, recommendations, and/or methodological proposals, being a reference recommended as an action protocol by the local authorities. Its monitoring can be used to objectively justify the achievement of incentives.
- Contribution and promotion of building improvement strategies that use more efficient methods from an energy and material point of view.
- Conceived as a tool that allows the approach and practical translation of some of the SDG to specific construction design decisions that improve the environmental impact of cities, their habitability, and their local management; contributing to the improvement, at the same time, of the circular economy.
- The exhaustive documentary research on tools, methodologies, and strategies in the field of sustainability and their transfer to society in different contexts provides a database and important background for other studies to be developed along the same path.
4.2. Results Verification and Method Review
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Borrallo-Jiménez, M.; LopezdeAsiain, M.; Herrera-Limones, R.; Lumbreras Arcos, M. Towards a Circular Economy for the City of Seville: The Method for Developing a Guide for a More Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism (GAUS). Sustainability 2020, 12, 7421. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187421
Borrallo-Jiménez M, LopezdeAsiain M, Herrera-Limones R, Lumbreras Arcos M. Towards a Circular Economy for the City of Seville: The Method for Developing a Guide for a More Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism (GAUS). Sustainability. 2020; 12(18):7421. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187421
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorrallo-Jiménez, Milagrosa, Maria LopezdeAsiain, Rafael Herrera-Limones, and María Lumbreras Arcos. 2020. "Towards a Circular Economy for the City of Seville: The Method for Developing a Guide for a More Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism (GAUS)" Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7421. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187421