Exploring Plant-Based Ethnomedicine and Quantitative Ethnopharmacology: Medicinal Plants Utilized by the Population of Jasrota Hill in Western Himalaya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area and the Local Populace
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Field Surveys
2.2.2. Ethnobotanical Data Collection
Sampling Design and Methods
Informants and Interviews with Local People
2.2.3. Ailment Categories
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)
2.3.2. Literature Reviews
Species Identity and Library Consultation
Electronic Databases
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Informants
3.2. Floristic Analysis Offamilies of Medicinal Plants
3.3. Medicinal Plant Species, Use-Reports (UR), and Associated Knowledge
3.4. Life-Form and Plants Parts Used for Medicinal Value
3.5. Herbal Remedies and Ingredients Added
3.6. Preparation and Mode of Administration
3.7. Informants Consensus factor (ICF) and Ailment Category
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Locality | Distance from Jammu (km) | Total Population * | Sample (Population) Fraction | Sample Size of Proposed Informants (n) | Sample Size of Final Informants (fn) | Use-Reports Mentioned (UR) ** | Plant Species Identified | Relative Frequency (Rf,%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jasrota | 82 | 2665 | 0.0858 | 25 | 22 | 943 | 109 | 90.08 |
Forlain | 75.3 | 6462 | 0.2080 | 11 | 11 | 489 | 59 | 48.76 |
Kharot | 88.5 | 3549 | 0.1142 | 5 | 5 | 442 | 87 | 71.90 |
Dhamaal | 42 | 859 | 0.0276 | 9 | 9 | 203 | 43 | 35.54 |
Amala | 74 | 2021 | 0.0650 | 5 | 5 | 579 | 78 | 64.46 |
Nanan | 77.6 | 768 | 0.0247 | 13 | 12 | 237 | 23 | 19.01 |
Budhi | 76 | 3805 | 0.1224 | 10 | 9 | 212 | 29 | 23.97 |
Merth | 73 | 1795 | 0.0578 | 8 | 8 | 398 | 67 | 55.37 |
Jasrota fort (inside JWS) | 89 | 6 | 0.0002 | 3 | 2 | 126 | 57 | 47.11 |
Shehswan | 79.5 | 2095 | 0.0674 | 7 | 6 | 213 | 29 | 23.97 |
Bhorthain | 76.5 | 2508 | 0.0807 | 6 | 6 | 278 | 43 | 35.54 |
Chelak | 44 | 4541 | 0.1461 | 18 | 18 | 867 | 101 | 83.47 |
Total | 31,074 | 120 | 113 | 4987 | 121 |
Informants | Male | Female | Total |
72 (67.72%) | 41 (36.28%) | 113 (100%) | |
Age class | Male | Female | |
21–30 | 11 (15.28%) | 3 (7.32%) | 14 (12.39%) |
31–40 | 17 (23.61%) | 9 (21.95%) | 26 (23.01%) |
41–50 | 22 (30.56%) | 6 (14.63%) | 28 (24.78%) |
51–60 | 8 (11.11%) | 13 (31.71%) | 21 (18.58%) |
61–70 | 5 (6.94%) | 3 (7.32%) | 8 (7.08%) |
71–80 | 9 (12.50%) | 7 (17.07%) | 16 (14.16%) |
Total | 72 (100%) | 41 (100%) | 113 (100%) |
Literacy level | Male | Female | |
Never attended a school | 25 (34.72%) | 13 (31.71%) | 38 (33.63%) |
Attended school for 1–5 classes | 17 (23.61%) | 18 (43.90%) | 35 (30.97%) |
Attended school for 6–10 classes | 19 (26.39%) | 9 (21.95%) | 28 (24.78%) |
Intermediate (12th class) | 7 (9.72%) | 1 (2.44%) | 8 (7.08%) |
Graduate | 3 (4.17%) | 0 (-) | 3 (2.65%) |
Post-graduate | 1 (1.39%) | 0 (-) | 1 (0.88%) |
Total | 72 (100%) | 41 (100%) | 113 (100%) |
Spearman rank correlation | r | p | |
Total individuals or informants (n = 113; α = 0.01) | |||
Individuals age vs number of citations | 0.257 | <0.001 ** | |
Male individuals (n = 72; α = 0.01) | |||
Individuals age vs citation number | 0.314 | <0.001 ** | |
Female individuals (n = 41; α = 0.01) | |||
Individuals age vs citation number | 0.200 | <0.012 * |
Ailments Categories | Important Ailments (or Disease) of a Category | Nur | %Nur | ICF | Nt | %Nt | %WP | %UGP | %BR | %AEP | %LR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gastro-intestinal ailments (GIA) | constipation, abdominal spasms, acidity, dysentery, diarrhea, flatulence, vomiting, loss of consciousness, intestinal or oral ulcers, indigestion, stomachache, piles, laxative, nausea, aperients, appetizer, anthelmintic infections, halitosis | 1314 | 26.35 | 0.959 | 55 | 45.45 | 24.55 | 33.08 | 47.18 | 24.39 | 1.37 |
Dermatological infections (DID) | cuts, itching, pimple, skin irritation, wound, abscess, acne, boils, burns, leukoderma, ringworm, leprosy, scabies, dermatitis, warts, stings of allergic plants | 946 | 18.97 | 0.961 | 38 | 31.40 | 18.67 | 24.20 | 22.58 | 17.58 | 24.66 |
Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) | asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, chest infection, cough, cold, influenza, pharyngitis, whooping cough | 592 | 11.87 | 0.961 | 24 | 19.83 | 12.28 | 11.49 | 4.84 | 12.50 | 6.85 |
Skeleto-muscular system disorders (SMSD) | body pain, muscle pain, rheumatic pain, joint pain, bone fractures or bone broken, swellings in bone, arthralgia, | 482 | 9.67 | 0.958 | 21 | 17.36 | 9.08 | 4.90 | 8.87 | 10.80 | 10.96 |
Gento-urinary ailments (GUA) | abortion, breast pain, delivery pain, lactation, over bleeding, sexual power, urine blockage or painful urination, venereal disease, male fertility, bloody urine, urinary bladder disorders, urinary stones, gynecological disorders (abortion, menstrual problems) | 352 | 7.06 | 0.949 | 19 | 15.70 | 3.96 | 1.23 | 4.84 | 8.85 | 20.55 |
General health care (GHC) | brain tonic, memory enhancer, strengthening gums, blood purifier, | 246 | 4.93 | 0.947 | 14 | 11.57 | 6.78 | 6.43 | 0.81 | 4.39 | 9.59 |
Fever (FVR) | body temperature, malaria, hay-fever, febrifuse, antipyretic, typhoid | 175 | 3.51 | 0.937 | 12 | 9.92 | 4.86 | 4.44 | 1.21 | 3.16 | 4.11 |
Endocrinal system disorders (ESD) | diabetes, adrenal diseases, parathyroid | 137 | 2.75 | 0.971 | 5 | 4.13 | 7.16 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 2.45 | 1.37 |
Hair care (HC) | removal of dandruffs, graying hair, hair growth, external parasites (lice, ticks), hair loss, hair tonic | 132 | 2.65 | 0.954 | 7 | 5.79 | 5.37 | 0.15 | 1.21 | 2.63 | 1.37 |
Liver problems (LP) | jaundice, hepatitis, liver enlargement, liver pain | 132 | 2.65 | 0.954 | 7 | 5.79 | 0.90 | 5.51 | 0.00 | 2.72 | 1.37 |
Dental care (DC) | foul odor, teeth strength, toothache, worms in gum and teeth | 118 | 2.37 | 0.974 | 4 | 3.31 | 2.17 | 0.31 | 0.40 | 2.97 | 2.74 |
Ear, nose and eye problems (ENT) | color blindness, otalgia, earache, nasal infection, eye pain, blurred vision, conjunctivitis, eye inflammation, ophthalmia | 116 | 2.33 | 0.957 | 6 | 4.96 | 2.05 | 0.46 | 1.21 | 2.85 | 2.74 |
Poisonous bites (PB) | poison bites, snake bites, scorpion sting | 115 | 2.31 | 0.956 | 6 | 4.96 | 1.41 | 5.21 | 1.61 | 1.83 | 9.59 |
Mouth disorders (MD) | mouth and tongue ulcer, thrush, leukoplakia, cold sores | 111 | 2.23 | 0.936 | 8 | 6.61 | 0.51 | 2.30 | 0.00 | 2.82 | 1.37 |
Cancerous (CC) | cancer—lung, tumor | 19 | 0.38 | 0.667 | 7 | 5.79 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 4.84 | 0.06 | 1.37 |
Botanical Name (Family)/Voucher Specimen Number | Vernacular Name | Life-Form | Part Used | Use-Reports (UR) | Disease Category: Ailments Treated (No. of Use-Reports Included for Particular Ailment Only) | Mode of Usage | Nativity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abrus precatorius L. (Fabaceae)/10103 | rati | L | Lv | 43 | SMSD:15 (bone fracture) RSD: 27 (cough, cold) MD: 8 (tongue ulcer) | decoction | N |
Acacia catechu Willd. (Fabaceae)/10106 | khair | T | W | 29 | MD:23 (mouth ulcer) GIA: 16 (dysentery) As additive: 2 (UR) | decoction | N |
Acacia nilotica Willd. (Fabaceae)/10109 | kikar | T | B | 19 | GIA:7 (pile cure) DID:12 (skin diseases) | paste | N |
Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae)/10108 | puthkanda | H | R | 126 | DC:66 (relieve toothache) LP: 28 (jaundice) PB:39 (snakebites) GUA: 37 (gynecological disorders) | chew | N |
Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae)/10074 | breen | H | Rh | 99 | GIA:77 (intestinal worms, acidity) LP:10 (liver pain, liver enlargement) RSD:12 (cough, heart infection) | powder | N |
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Adiantaceae)/10104 | hansraj | H | Rh | 103 | GUA:27 (herpes) DID:76 (wound, abscess, acne, boils, burns) | paste | N |
Aegle marmelos (L) Corr. (Rutaceae)/10102 | bill | T | Lv | 35 | LP:9 (cure jaundice) RSD:3 (asthma) ESD:23 (diabetes and associated disorders) | decoction | N |
Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume (Amaranthaceae)/10027 | bui | S | R | 28 | ENT:28 (ophthalmic infection in goats) | juice | N |
Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)/10029 | jungli pudina | H | Lv | 69 | DID:69 (stop bleeding of cut andwound) | paste | E |
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Caesalpinaceae)/10111 | sirin | T | B | 6 | GUA:6 (impotency) | powder | E |
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (Xanthorrhoeaceae)/10112 | sotthu katthalai | H | Lv | 113 | DID:113 (skin injuries, wounds, dermatitis) | paste | E |
Alternanthera pungens Kunth (Amaranthaceae)/10107 | khaki | H | Wp | 17 | HC:7 (hair tonic) RSD:10 (tight chest, bronchitis, asthma and other lung troubles) | decoction | E |
Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae)/10114 | kandiari | H | Lv | 12 | GIA:12 (laxative properties) | chew | E |
Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)/10117 | kokoon | H | Wp | 32 | SMSD:15 (gout) DID:17 (dermatitis) | decoction | E |
Argemone mexicana L. (Asteraceae)/10121 | peelikandiari | H | Lv | 18 | DID:7 (ringworm) RSD:11 (cough) | decoction | E |
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae)/10110 | jhau | H | Wp | 38 | LP:12 (jaundice, hepatitis) GIA:28 (inflammation of gall bladder) | juice | E |
Asparagus adscendens Roxb. (Asparagaceae)/10086 | sanspod | L | S | 47 | GUA:9 (urinary stones, menstrual problems) GHC:27 (tonic) As additive:11 (UR) | decoction | N |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss (Meliaceae)/10123 | nim | T | Lv | 71 | GIA:27 (stomach ailments, intestinal worms) LP: 11 (jaundice) DID: 19 (skin irritation) DC: 46 (tooth strength, worms in gum) | juice | N |
Barleria cristata L. (Acanthaceae)/10115 | jhinti, | S | Lv | 19 | RSD:13 (cough) SMSD:6 (reducing swellings) | decoction | E |
Bauhinia variegata L. (Caesalpinaceae)/10118 | kared | T | Fl | 34 | GIA:34 (dysentery, diarrhea and piles) | powder | N |
Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae)/10076 | lit-sit | H | R | 109 | LP:44 (jaundice) GUA:9 (nocturnal emission, urine stone) GHC:67 (memory enhancement) ESD:8 (adrenal problem) GIA:29 (constipation, stomachache) | decoction | N |
Bombax ceiba L. (Malvaceae)/10120 | simbal | T | R | 19 | GIA:19 (diarrhea) | decoction | N |
Buddleja asiatica Lour. (Scrophulariaceae)/10119 | neemda | S | Lv | 37 | DID:19 (skin infections) FVR:17 (malaria) CC:2 (cancer) | paste | N |
Butea monosperma Taub. (Fabaceae)/10124 | dhak | T | Fl | 24 | GUA:8 (urine blockage) DID:12 (skin problem) ENT:4 (eye inflammation) | powder | N |
Calotropis procera R.Br. (Ascelpiadaceae)/10127 | desi ak | S | R | 46 | DID:29 (skin diseases) SMSD:17 (joint pain, arthralgia) | paste | E |
Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)/10122 | bhang | H | Lv | 47 | PB:13 (poisonous insect bites) GUA:34 (pain relief) | decoction | E |
Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik (Brassicaceae)/10125 | kralmond | H | Wp | 13 | GUA:5 (bloody urine) GIA:8 (diarrhea) | juice | E |
Cardamine hirsuta L. (Brassicaceae)/10116 | hairy bittercress | H | Lv | 19 | CC:14 (cancer) GHC:12 (tonic) | juice | N |
Carissa carandas L. (Apocynaceae)/10128 | kalakki | S | Wp | 38 | GIA:38 (stomachache) | decoction | N |
Carissa spinarum L. (Apocynaceae)/10036 | garna | S | F | 24 | GIA:24 (stomach stones and piles) | powder | E |
Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpinaceae)/10011 | karangal | T | Lv | 91 | RSD:2 (pneumonia) GIA:67 (constipation, diarrhea, flatulence) DID:17 (skin infections) RSD:16 (cough, bronchitis) | decoction | N |
Cassia occidentalis L. (Caesalpinaceae)/10126 | kasundi | S | S | 31 | GIA:17 (aperients, constipation) As additive:14 (UR) | powder | E |
Cassia tora L. (Caesalpinaceae)/10129 | lohki | H | Lv | 43 | FVR:13 (fever) GIA:16 (stomachache) DID:18 (ringworm, leprosy) PB:2 (snake bite) | decoction | E |
Catharanthus rosea (L.) G.Don (Apocynaceae)/10132 | sadabahar | H | Lv | 16 | DID:8 (skin disorders) GHC:9 (memory enhancement) CC:15 (cancer) | juice | E |
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (Apiaceae)/10015 | brahmi | H | Lv | 57 | GHC:17 (brain tonic, blood purifier) DID:48 (skin problems) | juice | N |
Cissampelos pareira L. (Menispermaceae)/10040 | battal bel | L | Lv | 58 | GHC:5 (brain tonic for improving memory) PB:17 (all types poisonous bites) DID:16 (skin infections, skin ulcer) FVR:23 (fever) GUA:19 (urinary problems) | decoction | N |
Citrus medica L. (Rutaceae)/10130 | gargal | T | Lv | 53 | GIA:53 (diarrhea, stomachache) | powder | N |
Colebrookia oppositifolia Sm. (Lamiaceae)/10056 | duss | S | Lv | 77 | DID:77 (wound, cut and bruises) | paste | N |
Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae)/10134 | hiran padi | H | Lv | 11 | DID:11 (skin itching) | paste | N |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Convolulaceae)/10131 | andal | L | Wp | 87 | DID:32 (skin itching, wound) GUA:39 (urinary problems) GHC:16 (health tonic) | decoction | N |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers (Poaceae)/10071 | khabbal | H | R | 33 | GIA:3 (piles) DID:5 (wound) GHC:18 (brain tonic) As additive:7 (UR) | decoction | N |
Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)/10135 | dila | H | R | 67 | PB:37 (antidote for all poisons) FVR:22 (malaria) GUA:8 (menstrual problems) | decoction | N |
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Fabaceae)/10138 | taail | T | Lv | 8 | GUA:8 (menstrual disorders) | decoction | N |
Daphne oleoides Schreb (Thymelaeaceae)/10140 | kochhad | S | Lv | 19 | DID:19 (abscess) | paste | N |
Datura metel L. (Solanaceae)/10137 | umatthai | H | Lv | 47 | ENT:27 (earache) GUA:20 (pain, stomachache) | juice | E |
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall ex Kunth. (Dioscoreaceae)/10133 | kins | L | Lv | 42 | DID:27 (wounds, burns) SMSD:15 (swelling) | paste | N |
Eclipta prostrata L. (L.) (Asteraceae)/10136 | bhangra | H | Wp | 116 | HC:21 (hair tonic) LP:47 (liver problems) RSD: 69 (asthma, cough) DID:27 (skin disorders) | powder | N |
Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Euphorbiaceae)/10139 | dudhal-patal | H | La | 12 | DID:12 (abscess) | paste | E |
Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)/1006 | dudii | H | Wp | 115 | GIA:13 (piles) RSD:77 (cough, bronchitis, asthma) GIA:26 (dysentery, digestive disorders) | powder | N |
Evolvulus alsinoides L. (Convolvulaceae)/10146 | neeli Santh | H | Wp | 23 | GHC:23 (brain tonic) | powder | N |
Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae)/10148 | kharkhumbal | T | F | 13 | GUA:13 (galactagogue, venereal disease) | powder | N |
Ficus palmata Forsk. (Moraceae)/10154 | phagara | T | F | 15 | GIA:7 (constipation) SMSD:8 (bone inflammation) | powder | N |
Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae)/10151 | rumbal | T | F | 36 | GIA:28 (kidney problems) SMSD:8 (bone inflammation) | powder | N |
Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae)/10144 | bar, peepal | T | S | 44 | GIA:29 (piles) SMSD:17 (bone inflammation) | decoction | N |
Galium aparine L. (Rubiaceae)/10143 | khorti | H | Wp | 33 | GIA:33 (laxative properties) | juice | N |
Geranium wallichianum Sweet. (Geraniaceae)/10152 | laal jehari | H | Lv | 29 | GIA:29 (diarrhea, dysentery) | decoction | N |
Hedera nepalensis K.Koch (Araliaceae)/10135 | bano | H | Lv | 23 | SMSD:13 (arthralgia) RSD:7 (bronchitis) GUA:4 (diuretic) | juice | N |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae)/10147 | gudaal | S | Fl | 47 | HC:27 (alopecia) GUA:14 (diuretic) | paste | N |
Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. ex A.DC. (Apocynaceae)/10142 | kagar | T | B | 44 | GIA:35 (dysentery) SMSD:14 (anti-spasmodic) | decoction | N |
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. (Convolvuaceae)/10145 | bilaitti Aak | S | Lv | 51 | SMSD:51 (joint pain) | paste | E |
Jasminum humile L. (Oleaceae)/10141 | sanairad | L | R | 23 | DID:13 (ring worm) ESD:10 (reduce blood sugar) | decoction | E |
Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae)/10031 | brenkar | S | R | 104 | RSD:77 (cough, asthma, bronchitis) CC:1 (cancer) As additive: 26 (UR) | juice | N |
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. (Anacardiaceae)/10150 | kamble | T | Lv | 41 | DID:24 (skin disease) MD:15 (mouth ulcer) DC:13 (toothache) | chew | N |
Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)/1002 | panjphulli | S | La | 43 | HC:10 (promote hair growth) RSD:33 (asthma, bronchitis) DID:13 (skin itching) | decoction | E |
Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae)/10145 | mahendi | S | Lv | 38 | GIA:23 (stomachache) DID:17 (leukoderma, skin care) | juice | E |
Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae)/10153 | alsi | H | S | 47 | DID:16 (abscess) GIA:29 (constipation) | paste | E |
Lotus corniculatus L. (Fabaceae)/10158 | sadai | H | Wp | 39 | GHC:15 (tonic) GIA:27 (nauseaand vomiting) | juice | E |
Mallotus philippensis Muell.Arg. (Eurphorbiaceae)/1005 | kamala | T | F | 36 | GIA:23 (killing worms instomach; constipation) CC:25 (cancer) | powder | N |
Malvastrum cormandelianum (L.) Garcke (Malvaceae)/10161 | baddi Bareaar | H | Lv | 39 | DID:39 (styptic, skin infections) | paste | E |
Medicago lupulina L.(Fabaceae)/10159 | sareri | H | Lv | 17 | GIA:17 (constipation) | powder | E |
Melilotus indica All. (Fabaceae)/10063 | pili senji | H | Lv | 67 | GIA:22 (aperient) DID:47 (skin aching) | decoction | E |
Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae)/10155 | pootna | H | Lv | 106 | GIA:66 (flatulence, aperients, indigestion, acidity) SMSD:45 (abdominal spasms, joint pain, rheumatism) | decoction | E |
Mentha longifolia (L) Huds (Lamiaceae)/10164 | jangali pootna | H | Lv | 119 | GIA:36 (flatulence, aperients) SMSD:84 (abdominalspasms, rheumatism) | decoction | N |
Millingtonia hortensis L.f. (Bignoniaceae)/1007 | buchade jhad | T | Lv | 19 | FVR:7 (antipyretic) DID:3 (sinusitis) GIA:5 (cholagogue) GHC:7 (tonic) | juice | N |
Morus alba L. (Moraceae)/10157 | toot | T | Lv | 38 | GIA:14 (aperients) LP:32 (jaundice) | juice | E |
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. (Rutaceae)/10163 | karuveppilai | T | Lv | 28 | ENT:8 (eye pain) GIA:27 (dysentery, vomiting) | decoction | N |
Nerium indicum Mill. (Apocynaceae)/10166 | lal kaneer | S | Lv | 13 | RSD:13 (heart ailments) CC:1 (cancer) | juice | E |
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. (Solanaceae)/10160 | desi Tamakoo | H | Wp | 48 | GIA:48 (external parasites) | paste | E |
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae)/10156 | haar-shringaar | S | Lv | 13 | GIA:13 (intestinal worms) | juice | N |
Oenothera rosea Soland (Onagraceae)/10162 | darraati | H | Lv | 44 | GUA:44 (renal colic) | decoction | E |
Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)/10187 | khattibooti | H | Lv | 48 | DC:33 (toothache) GIA:15 (halitosis) | chew | E |
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.(Areaceae)/10066 | khaajuri | T | Lv | 6 | RSD:2 (heart complaints) FVR:1 (fever) GIA:3 (vomiting, loss of consciousness) | juice | E |
Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae)/10191 | keelanelli | H | Wp | 87 | GIA:83 (jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery) MD:7 (peptic ulcer) | decoction | N |
Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae)/10195 | aamla | T | B | 90 | GIA:35 (constipation) HC:13 (hair loss) GHC:48 (tonic as rejuvenator) | powder | N |
Physalis minima L. (Solanaceae)/10189 | pataka | H | Lv | 23 | ENT:23 (otalgia) | juice | E |
Pinus roxburghii Roxb. (Pinaceae)/10064 | chir-pine | T | Re | 19 | DID:19 (boils, cuts, wounds) | paste | N |
Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Ktze. (Lamiaceae)/10194 | kali Suaali | S | Lv | 25 | GIA:14 (dyspepsia) RSD:11 (cold, cough) | decoction | N |
Pogostemon plectranthoids Desf. (Lamiaceae)/10004 | thekkali | S | Lv | 32 | GIA:19 (vomiting, diarrhea) RSD:13 (cold) SMSD:5 (headache) | decoction | N |
Polygonum amplexicaule D.Don. (Polygonaceae)/10193 | masloon | H | R | 13 | RSD:13 (cold, cough) | chew | N |
Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae)/10192 | pipli | H | Wp | 28 | GIA:19 (diarrhea, piles) GUA:11 (painful menstruation, over bleeding) | decoction | N |
Prunus persica (L.) (Rosaceae)/10188 | aru | T | Lv | 33 | DID:33 (cut, wound, burns, boils to soothe inflammation) | paste | E |
Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae)/10190 | darunni | T | F | 47 | LP:46 (jaundice) GHC:7 (tonic) | powder | N |
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don (Rosaceae)/10051 | batangi | T | F | 26 | ENT:26 (eye infection) | juice | E |
Ranunculus arvensis L. (Ranunculaceae)/10165 | charmula | H | Wp | 24 | GIA:14 (diarrhea) FVR:7 (fever) RSD:3 (asthma) | juice | N |
Ranunculus laetus Wall. (Ranunculaceae)/10172 | darrili | H | La | 6 | HC:6 (hair growth) | juice | E |
Ranunculus muricatus L. (Ranunculaceae)/10037 | korkhand | H | Wp | 26 | FVR:15 (periodic fever) SMSD:1 (arthralgia) RSD:13 (asthma) | juice | N |
Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae)/10174 | arandi | S | Lv | 42 | SMSD:42 (headache) | paste | E |
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae)/10176 | kikkar | T | Lv | 27 | GIA:27 (acidity, indigestion) | juice | E |
Rosa indica L. (Rosaceae)/10178 | gulab | S | Fl | 19 | GIA:19 (indigestion, flatulence) | decoction | N |
Rubus ellipticus Sm. (Rosaceae)/10061 | aakhey | S | Fr | 31 | GIA:15 (aperients) MD:17 (oral ulcer) | juice | N |
Salvia moorcroftiana Wallich ex Benth. (Lamiaceae)/10180 | kali jadi | H | R | 19 | RSD:5 (cold) GIA:10 (stomachache and dysentery) FVR:5 (fever) | powder | N |
Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae)/10042 | vandhamni | H | Wp | 11 | GIA:11 (stomachache) | decoction | N |
Sida spinosa L. (Malvaceae)/10168 | gulsakari | H | Lv | 37 | SMSD:37 (demulcent, irritation) | decoction | E |
Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)/10173 | kaayankothi | H | Lv | 18 | FVR:5 (antiphlogistic) GIA:3 (stomach ulcer) DID:17 (wound) | paste | E |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (Caryophyllaceae)/10062 | marmiri | H | Wp | 9 | SMSD:9 (swelling, bone fracture) | paste | E |
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Garetn. (Asteraceae)/10167 | jari | H | Lv | 11 | DID:11 (styptic) | decoction | E |
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae)/10030 | jaamnoo | T | Lv | 26 | ESD: 24 (diabetes) CC:3 (cancer) | decoction | N |
Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpinaceae)/10175 | Lmli | T | F | 29 | PB:29 (anorexia, poisonous weed intake) | decoction | N |
Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich (Cupressaceae)/10171 | - | T | Re | 6 | DID:6 (analgesic for wounds) | paste | E |
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers (Fabaceae)/10181 | sarphank | H | R | 43 | FVR:43 (typhoidfever) | powder | N |
Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Hook.f. & Thomson (Memispermaceae)/10185 | Gloe | L | R | 105 | FVR:27 (hay fever) ESD:69 (diabetes) LP:12 (hepatitis) SMSD:33 (joint pain, rheumatism) | powder | N |
Toona ciliata M.Roem (Meliaceae)/10170 | Toon | T | Lv | 9 | DID:5 (astringent) GHC:7 (tonic) | decoction | N |
Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae)/10184 | pakhra, | H | F | 56 | GUA:37 (impotency) SMSD:21 (bone swelling) | powder | N |
Trifolium pratense L. (Fabaceae)/10186 | gagar luth | H | Wp | 37 | SMDS:37 (anti-spasmodic) | decoction | N |
Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariceae)/10179 | soottamakoo | H | F | 38 | RSD:38 (cough, asthma, pneumonia) | juice | N |
Vernonia arborea Buch.Ham (Asteraceae)/10012 | vernonia | T | B | 14 | MD:14 (mouth, tongue ulcers) | paste | N |
Viola odorata L. (Violaceae)/10169 | banaksha | H | Fl | 67 | RDS:67 (cough, bronchitis, cold) | decoction | N |
Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae)/10182 | Bana | S | Fl | 88 | GIA:27 (diarrhea, anthelminthic) RDS:57 (cough) SMSD:21 (bone pain, rheumatism) | juice | N |
Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz (Lythraceae)/10177 | Dhai | S | Fl | 49 | DID:24 (skin disease) SMSD:5 (headache) GIA:29 (diarrhea, dysentery) | decoction | N |
Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae)/10044 | Jojra | S | Lv | 17 | SMSD:17 (headache) | decoction | E |
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f) Wight & Arn. (Rhamnaceae)/10183 | jhar beri | S | F | 57 | GIA:57 (diarrhea, dysentery, colic) | powder | N |
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Singh, B.; Singh, B.; Kishor, A.; Singh, S.; Bhat, M.N.; Surmal, O.; Musarella, C.M. Exploring Plant-Based Ethnomedicine and Quantitative Ethnopharmacology: Medicinal Plants Utilized by the Population of Jasrota Hill in Western Himalaya. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187526
Singh B, Singh B, Kishor A, Singh S, Bhat MN, Surmal O, Musarella CM. Exploring Plant-Based Ethnomedicine and Quantitative Ethnopharmacology: Medicinal Plants Utilized by the Population of Jasrota Hill in Western Himalaya. Sustainability. 2020; 12(18):7526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187526
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Bishander, Bikarma Singh, Anand Kishor, Sumit Singh, Mudasir Nazir Bhat, Opender Surmal, and Carmelo Maria Musarella. 2020. "Exploring Plant-Based Ethnomedicine and Quantitative Ethnopharmacology: Medicinal Plants Utilized by the Population of Jasrota Hill in Western Himalaya" Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187526