Cognitive, Affective and Conative Domains of Sustainable Consumption: Scale Development and Validation Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Basis of SC Construct
2.1. Notion of “Mindfulness” and “Mindful Consumption”
The mindset matters in two important ways: attitudes and values influence the choices about consumption, and they determine how the effect from consumption is interpreted, thereby increasing or decreasing the likelihood of further consumption of a related nature. To effectively deal with the problem of overconsumption, both behaviour and mindset need to change. This change can be brought about by inculcating mindful consumption.
2.2. Theory of Mind (TOM) and Sustainable Consumption
3. Definition and Dimensionality of the SC Construct
3.1. Conceptualisation of the SC Construct
Sustainable Consumption is an individual’s cognitive, affective and conative traits in relation to avoiding extravagant purchases, and the rational use of goods and services to satisfy basic needs. SC exhibits care for the environment by managing existing resources in a way that meets current demands but does not jeopardise the needs of future generations.
3.2. Dimensionality of the SC Construct
4. Research Methodology
- Second, most prior scales viewed the construct as uni-dimensional, whereas the scale used in this study is multi-dimensional, with three facets.
- Third, many scales do not provide a proper theoretical basis (e.g., environmental knowledge scale, conscious for sustainability consumption scale), whereas some other scales focus on attitude-behaviour gap/relationship (e.g., ethically minded consumer behaviour scale, ecological behaviour scale, green purchase behaviour scale). The attitude-behaviour gap provides the understanding that a positive attitude does not always materialise in action. It is also argued that behaviour alone cannot give a proper understanding of firm commitment, psychological attachment and future motives [60]. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mental process of observing human behaviour. This study uses the ToM and the notion of mindfulness as the basis for developing the scale.
4.1. Item Generation
4.2. Item Selection
4.3. Item Purification
4.4. Factor Structure Using EFA
4.5. Reflective and Formative Measurement Model
4.6. Item Validation
4.7. Confirmatory Composite Analysis (CCA)
4.8. Assessing Nomological and Predictive Validity
5. Discussion and Implications
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Methodological and Practical Implications
6. Limitations and Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sustainable Consumption | |
---|---|
Cognitive SC | Cog1. I believe wasting food and other consumables is unethical. |
Cog2. I am aware that excess consumption can cause a shortage of natural resources. | |
Cog3. I believe that it is important to use eco-friendly products and services. | |
Cog4. I believe that individuals should care for the future generation. | |
Cog5. I believe that it is our responsibility to care for the natural environment. | |
Cog6. I know that natural resources decreasing at an alarming rate. | |
Affective SC | Affec1. I feel good when I can control my whims for buying unnecessary things. |
Aaffec2. I don’t like to waste food or beverage. | |
Affec3. I prefer to buy organic food, since it is environmentally friendly. | |
Affec4. I prefer to pay more to purchase environmentally friendly products. | |
Affec5. I prefer to use paper bags, since they are biodegradable. | |
Affec6. I like to purchase only what I need. | |
Affec7. I feel happy to give priority to environmental welfare. | |
Conative SC | Con1 I intend to reduce the misuse of goods and services (e.g., I switch off the lights and the fan when I am not in the room). |
Con2. I will continue to purchase environmentally friendly products even though they are slightly expensive. | |
Con3. I will avoid consumption activities that can lead to environmental pollution. | |
Con4. I will continue to purchase biodegradable packages (e.g., use of paper bag instead of plastic bag). | |
Con5. I will keep trying not to waste my food and beverage. | |
Con6. I will spend my money wisely in order to avoid wastage and excessive purchases. | |
Con7. I will keep contributing to environmental welfare in all respects. | |
Con8. I will not engage in any purchase that can have a negative effect on the environment. |
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Dimensions | Description of the Dimensions | Keywords to Represent Mental States |
---|---|---|
Cognitive domain (Thinking) | The cognitive domain of the SC refers to an individual’s belief in sustainable consumption and its outcome. | This mental state includes awareness, perception, knowledge, reasoning and judgement. |
Affective domain (Feeling) | The affective domain of the SC represents an individual’s feeling towards the SC concept. | This mental state includes liking/disliking, feeling (e.g., excitement, pleasure, satisfaction, etc.), emotion, strength of preference, etc. |
Conative domain (Desire) | The affective domain of the SC represents the degree to which an individual exhibits conviction in purchase behaviour. | This mental state includes impulse, desire, volition and striving. |
Particulars of the Respondents | 1st Focus Group Discussion | 2nd Focus Group Discussion | In-Depth Interviews |
---|---|---|---|
No. of respondents | 8 | 9 | 15 |
Gender | |||
Male | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Female | 5 | 5 | 10 |
Average age | 29–48 | 27–43 | |
Race | |||
Malay | 3 | 4 | 7 |
Chinese | 2 | 4 | 4 |
Indian | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Foreigner | 1 | - | 1 |
Educational background | |||
DBA/PhD | 1 | 7 | 4 |
Masters | 7 | 2 | 6 |
Undergraduate | - | - | 3 |
Diploma | - | - | 1 |
High school | - | - | 1 |
Occupation | |||
Lecturer | - | - | 4 |
Administrative & Managerial | - | - | 3 |
Students | 8 | - | 3 |
Entrepreneur | - | - | 2 |
Technical | - | - | 1 |
Clerical | - | - | 1 |
House wife | - | - | 1 |
Researcher | - | 9 | - |
Kaiser Meyer Olkin | 0.938 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | 3025.080(sig. 0.000, df. 210) | |||
Full Set of Variables | Extracted Factors | |||
Factor 1 (Cognitive) | Factor 2 (Conative) | Factor 3 (Affective) | Communalities | |
Cog2. I believe wasting food and other consumables is unethical. | 0.732 | 0.757 | ||
Cog6. I am aware that excess consumption can cause a shortage of natural resources. | 0.720 | 0.788 | ||
Cog12. I believe that it is important to use eco-friendly products and services. | 0.705 | 0.793 | ||
Cog19. I believe that individuals should care for the future generation. | 0.694 | 0.786 | ||
Cog20. I believe that it is our responsibility to care for the natural environment. | 0.687 | 0.821 | ||
Cog21. I know that the natural resources are reducing in its alarming rate. | 0.681 | 0.777 | ||
Con2. I intend to reduce the misuse of goods and services (e.g., I switch off the lights and the fan when I am not in the room) | 0.791 | 0.781 | ||
Con3. I will continue to purchase environmentally friendly products even though they are slightly expensive. | 0.748 | 0.761 | ||
Con7. I will avoid consumption activities that can lead to environmental pollution. | 0.737 | 0.742 | ||
Con8. I will continue to purchase biodegradable packages (e.g., use of paper bag instead of plastic bag). | 0.726 | 0.773 | ||
Con9. I will keep trying not to waste my food and beverage. | 0.709 | 0.760 | ||
Con20. I will spend my money wisely in order to avoid wastage and excessive purchases. | 0.707 | 0.780 | ||
Con24. I will keep contributing to environmental welfare in all respects. | 0.703 | 0.746 | ||
Con26. I will not engage in any purchase that may have negative effects on the environment. | 0.695 | 0.730 | ||
Affect1. I feel good when I can control my whims for buying unnecessary things. | 0.729 | 0.816 | ||
Affect4. I don’t like to waste food or beverage. | 0.714 | 0.841 | ||
Affect5. I prefer to buy organic food, since it is environmentally friendly. | 0.708 | 0.790 | ||
Affect6. I prefer to pay more to purchase environmentally friendly products. | 0.704 | 0.770 | ||
Affect7. I prefer to use paper bags, since they are biodegradable. | 0.700 | 0.788 | ||
Affect10. I like to purchase only what I need. | 0.664 | 0.753 | ||
Affect12. I feel happy to give priority to environmental welfare. | 0.646 | 0.827 | ||
Sum of squares (Eigenvalue) | 1.514 | 10.231 | 3.431 | |
Percentage of trace | ||||
% of Variance explained | 0.072 | 0.487 | 0.163 | |
Cumulative Variance | 0.722 | 0.487 | 0.650 | |
Cronbach alpha | 0.901 | 0.918 | 0.907 |
Demographics | Exploratory Study (N = 500) | Confirmatory Study (N = 181) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
i. Male | 215 | 86 |
ii. Female | 285 | 95 |
Age | ||
i. 18–24 years | 115 | 47 |
ii. 25–31 years | 165 | 68 |
iii. 32–38 years | 114 | 56 |
iv. 39–45 years | 73 | 7 |
v. 46 and above | 33 | 3 |
Ethnicity | ||
i. Malay | 301 | 93 |
ii. Chinese | 126 | 68 |
iii. Indian | 54 | 15 |
iv. Foreigner | 19 | 5 |
Marital status | ||
i. Single | 251 | 80 |
ii. Married | 231 | 96 |
iii. Others | 18 | 5 |
Highest level of education achieved | ||
i. Doctorate degree | - | 25 |
ii. Master degree/equivalent | 199 | 68 |
iii. Bachelor degree/equivalent | 178 | 54 |
iv. Diploma | 64 | 21 |
v. STPM/HSC or equivalent | 59 | 13 |
Profession | ||
i. Professional (including lecturer, professor, etc.) | - | 153 |
ii. Full-time students | 354 | 87 |
iii. Part-time students | 146 | 56 |
iv. Administrative and managerial | - | 109 |
v. Clerical | - | 38 |
vi. Technical | - | 16 |
vii. Entrepreneur | - | 21 |
viii. Housewives | - | 17 |
Monthly income | ||
i. Below RM 500 | 46 | 7 |
ii. RM 501–2000 | 134 | 52 |
iii. RM 2001–3500 | 171 | 60 |
iv. RM 2501–5000 | 58 | 33 |
v. RM 5001–6500 | 50 | 20 |
vi. Above RM 6500 | 41 | 9 |
Construct | Items | Loading | CA > 0.70 | rho_A > 0.70 | CR > 0.70 | AVE > 0.50 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affective | Affe1. I feel good when I can control my whims for buying unnecessary things. | 0.824 | 0.919 | 0.922 | 0.933 | 0.703 |
Affe2. I don’t like to waste food or beverage. | 0.876 | |||||
Affe3. I prefer to buy organic food, since it is environmentally friendly. | 0.816 | |||||
Affe4. I prefer to pay more to purchase environmentally friendly products. | 0.849 | |||||
Affe5. I prefer to use paper bags, since they are biodegradable. | 0.788 | |||||
Affe6. I like to purchase only what I need. | 0.85 | |||||
Affe7. I feel happy to give priority to environmental welfare. | 0.863 | |||||
Cognitive | Cog1. I believe wasting food and other consumables is unethical. | 0.876 | 0.908 | 0.918 | 0.931 | 0.762 |
Cog2. I am aware that excess consumption can cause a shortage of natural resources. | 0.86 | |||||
Cog3. I believe that it is important to use eco-friendly products and services. | 0.877 | |||||
Cog4. I believe that individuals should care for the future generation. | 0.872 | |||||
Cog5. I believe that it is our responsibility to care for the natural environment. | 0.881 | |||||
Cog6. I know that the natural resources are decreasing at an alarming rate. | 0.873 | |||||
Conative | Con1. I intend to reduce the misuse of goods and services (e.g., I switch off the lights and the fan when I am not in the room). | 0.737 | 0.917 | 0.917 | 0.932 | 0.632 |
Con2. I will continue to purchase environmentally friendly products even though they are slightly expensive. | 0.776 | |||||
Con3. I will avoid consumption activities that can lead to environmental pollution. | 0.785 | |||||
Con4. I will continue to purchase biodegradable packages (e.g., use of paper bag instead of plastic bag). | 0.801 | |||||
Con5. I will keep trying not to waste my food and beverage. | 0.822 | |||||
Con6. I will spend my money wisely in order to avoid wastage and excessive purchases. | 0.829 | |||||
Con7. I will keep contributing to environmental welfare in all respects. | 0.843 | |||||
Con8. I will not engage in any purchase that can have negative effects on the environment. | 0.762 | |||||
Environmental activism | EA1. I participate in events organised by environmental groups. | 0.752 | 0.879 | 0.883 | 0.908 | 0.623 |
EA2. I give financial support to an environmental group. | 0.755 | |||||
EA3. I circulate petitions demanding an improvement of government policies regarding the environment. | 0.806 | |||||
EA4. I participate in protests against current environmental conditions- | 0.82 | |||||
EA5. I vote for a government proposing environmentally conscious policies. | 0.81 | |||||
EA6. I write letters to firms that manufacture harmful products. | 0.79 |
Affective | Cognitive | Conative | SC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Affective | 0.83 | |||
Cognitive | 0.648 | 0.873 | ||
Conative | 0.604 | 0.679 | 0.795 | |
SC | - | - | - | - |
Affective | Cognitive | Conative | SC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Affective | ||||
Cognitive | 0.695 CI90[0.579–0.783] | |||
Conative | 0.65 CI90[0.515–0.753] | 0.731 CI90[0.636–0.804] | ||
SC | - | - | - |
Construct | Dimension | Factor Weight | t Values | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|
SC | Affection | 0.38 | 31.236 | 1.888 |
Cognitive | 0.368 | 23.368 | 2.251 | |
Conative | 0397 | 25.103 | 2.045 |
Indicators | PLS/MAE | Q2_predict | LM/MAE |
---|---|---|---|
EA1 | 0.954 | 0.349 | 0.957 |
EA2 | 0.947 | 0.384 | 0.984 |
EA3 | 0.831 | 0.49 | 0.842 |
EA4 | 0.845 | 0.496 | 0.852 |
EA5 | 0.792 | 0.529 | 0.797 |
EA6 | 0.801 | 0.579 | 0.807 |
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Share and Cite
Quoquab, F.; Mohammad, J. Cognitive, Affective and Conative Domains of Sustainable Consumption: Scale Development and Validation Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7784. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187784
Quoquab F, Mohammad J. Cognitive, Affective and Conative Domains of Sustainable Consumption: Scale Development and Validation Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis. Sustainability. 2020; 12(18):7784. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187784
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuoquab, Farzana, and Jihad Mohammad. 2020. "Cognitive, Affective and Conative Domains of Sustainable Consumption: Scale Development and Validation Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis" Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7784. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187784
APA StyleQuoquab, F., & Mohammad, J. (2020). Cognitive, Affective and Conative Domains of Sustainable Consumption: Scale Development and Validation Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis. Sustainability, 12(18), 7784. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187784