Distribution Models of Timber Species for Forest Conservation and Restoration in the Andean-Amazonian Landscape, North of Peru
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methodological Design
2.3. Selection and Collection of Occurrences of the Most Important Forest Species in the Amazonas Region
2.4. Basic and Thematic Cartography Conditioning
2.5. Bioclimatic, Soil, and Physiographic Variables
2.6. Extraction of Values of Climatic, Soil, and Physiographic Variables
2.7. Variable Correlation and Clustering
2.8. Model Execution
2.9. Identification of Potential Areas for Conservation and Restoration
3. Results
3.1. Biographical Distribution of Timber Species
3.2. Model Performance
3.3. Potential Areas of Restoration and Coexistence of Species
3.4. Potential Biogeographic Distribution in Conservation Areas
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nº | Species | Local Name | Family | Conservation Status 1 | Records Number | Vol. m3 (r) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cedrelinga cateniformis | Tornillo | Fabaceae | LC | 2193 | 20,786.22 |
2 | Otoba parvifolia | Sempo | Myristicaceae | NL | 414 | 1264.81 |
3 | Ceiba pentandra | Lupuna | Malvaceae | LC | 333 | 8144.38 |
4 | Inga sp. | Guabilla | Fabaceae | NL | 311 | 1125.54 |
5 | Apuleia leiocarpa | Anacaspi | Fabaceae | NL | 241 | 1608.01 |
6 | Cedrela montana | Cedro | Meliaceae | EN | 215 | 2952.86 |
7 | Cariniana decandra | Papelillo | Lecythidaceae | NL | 210 | 2120.07 |
8 | Calycophyllum spruceanum | Capirona | Rubiaceae | NL | 201 | 877.16 |
9 | Cedrela odorata | Cedro amargo | Meliaceae | VU | 184 | 579.57 |
10 | Hura crepitans | Catahua | Euphorbiaceae | NL | 152 | 1569.96 |
Total | 4454 | 37,686.17 |
Category | Variable | Description | Units | Species 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bioclimatic | Bio01 | Annual Mean Temperature | °C | |
Bio02 | Mean Diurnal Range (monthly mean (max temp–min temp)) | °C | d; g | |
Bio03 | Isothermality ((Bio02/Bio07) × 100) | % | a; b; c; f; g; h; i; j | |
Bio04 | Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation × 100) | °C | d; e; h; j | |
Bio05 | Max Temperature of Warmest Month | °C | ||
Bio06 | Min Temperature of Coldest Month | °C | d | |
Bio07 | Annual Temperature Range (Bio05-Bio06) | °C | ||
Bio08 | Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter | °C | b; h | |
Bio09 | Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter | °C | c; f; i | |
Bio10 | Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter | °C | a | |
Bio11 | Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter | °C | ||
Bio12 | Annual Precipitation | mm | ||
Bio13 | Precipitation of Wettest Month | mm | i | |
Bio14 | Precipitation of Driest Month | mm | ||
Bio15 | Precipitation Seasonality (coefficient of variation) | mm | d; e; f; h | |
Bio16 | Precipitation of Wettest Quarter | mm | a; b; c; d; g | |
Bio17 | Precipitation of Driest Quarter | mm | i | |
Bio18 | Precipitation of Warmest Quarter | mm | a; b; d; e; f; g; i; j | |
Bio19 | Precipitation of Coldest Quarter | mm | d | |
Rad | Solar Radiation | kJ m−2 day−1 | e; f; g; h; j | |
Topographic | Elevation | Elevation | m | a; b; c; d; e; f; g; h; i; j |
Slope | Slope | ° | a; e; i; j | |
Aspect | Cardinal Slope Direction | ° | a; b; c; e; f; g; i; j | |
Soil | pH | pH x 10 to 0.30 m | KCl | a; c; d; e; f; g; h; i |
CIC | Cation Exchange Capacity (at pH 7) 0.30 m | cmolc kg−1 | a; b; c; f; g; i; j | |
CO | Soil Organic Carbon Stock (fine-grained soil fraction) to 0.15 m | g kg−1 | b; e; f; h; j |
Species | Variable 1 (%) | Variable 2 (%) | Variable 3 (%) | Total Contribution |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. leiocarpa | Elevation (70.1) | Bio 16 (12.5) | Bio 10 (5.4) | 88% |
C. spruceanum | Elevation (60.5) | Bio08 (24.2) | Aspect (5.3) | 90% |
C. decandra | Elevation (56.6) | Bio 09 (25.1) | Bio 16 (12.1) | 93.8% |
C. montana | Bio 19 (78.4) | pH (15.4) | Bio 02 (5.1) | 98.9% |
C. odorata | Bio08 (45.7) | Elevation (24.7) | Rad (15.5) | 85.9% |
C.cateniformis | Elevation (47.6) | Bio 18 (21.1) | Bio 09 (9.6) | 78.3% |
C. pentandra | Elevation (61.5) | Bio 01 (11.6) | Rad (10.9) | 84% |
H. crepitans | Bio 04 (38.8) | Elevation (23.5) | Bio 08 (14.1) | 76.4% |
Inga sp. | Elevation (22.7) | Cic (22.4) | Bio 17 (19.9) | 65% |
O. parvifolia | Elevation (48.3) | Bio 18 (19.4) | Bio 04 (9.3) | 77% |
Species | A. leiocarpa | C. spruceanum | C. decandra | C. montana | C. odorata |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AUC | 0.954 | 0.985 | 0.958 | 0.868 | 0.985 |
Species | C. cateniformis | C. pentandra | H. crepitans | Inga sp. | O. parvifolia |
AUC | 0.914 | 0.952 | 0.977 | 0.965 | 0.948 |
Species | Potential Distribution | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | Moderate | Low | Total | |||||
km2 | % Amazonas | km2 | % Amazonas | km2 | % Amazonas | km2 | % Amazonas | |
A. leiocarpa | 761.55 | 1.81 | 2449.89 | 5.83 | 2822.01 | 6.71 | 6033.45 | 14.35 |
C. spruceanum | 167.52 | 0.40 | 192.64 | 0.46 | 617.64 | 1.47 | 977.8 | 2.33 |
C. decandra | 761.67 | 1.81 | 1885.82 | 4.48 | 2903.42 | 6.90 | 550.9 | 13.20 |
C. montana | 2625.42 | 6.24 | 5832.68 | 13.87 | 8649.03 | 20.57 | 17107.1 | 40.68 |
C. odorata | 210.72 | 0.50 | 423.74 | 1.01 | 893.48 | 2.12 | 1527.93 | 3.63 |
C.cateniformis | 1194.75 | 2.84 | 2666.85 | 6.34 | 4757.6 | 11.31 | 8619.21 | 20.50 |
C. pentandra | 584.39 | 1.39 | 1966.59 | 4.68 | 3128.21 | 7.44 | 5679.18 | 13.51 |
H. crepitans | 411.88 | 0.98 | 890.42 | 2.12 | 1260.59 | 3.00 | 2562.89 | 6.09 |
Inga sp. | 461.2 | 1.10 | 866.69 | 2.06 | 1542.38 | 3.67 | 1280.27 | 6.83 |
O. parvifolia | 1000.82 | 2.38 | 2525.53 | 6.01 | 4203.92 | 10.00 | 7730.28 | 18.38 |
Coexistence | 3.73 | 0.008 | 324.64 | 0.77 | 5971.42 | 14.20 | 6299.79 | 14.97 |
Species | Potential for Restoration | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | Medium | Low | Total | |||||
km2 | % Amazonas | km2 | % Amazonas | km2 | % Amazonas | km2 | % Amazonas | |
A. leiocarpa | 305.07 | 0.73 | 931.18 | 2.21 | 902.75 | 2.15 | 2139.00 | 5.09 |
C. spruceanum | 70.07 | 0.17 | 88.99 | 0.21 | 269.69 | 0.64 | 428.75 | 1.02 |
C. decandra | 403.36 | 0.96 | 965.52 | 2.30 | 481.79 | 1.15 | 1850.67 | 4.40 |
C. montana | 1221.79 | 2.91 | 2553.71 | 6.07 | 2349.50 | 5.59 | 6125.00 | 14.57 |
C. odorata | 3.99 | 0.01 | 125.65 | 0.30 | 236.61 | 0.56 | 366.25 | 0.87 |
C. cateniformis | 449.20 | 1.07 | 917.02 | 2.18 | 1620.20 | 3.85 | 2986.42 | 7.10 |
C. pentandra | 297.86 | 0.71 | 880.93 | 2.09 | 986.43 | 2.35 | 2165.22 | 5.15 |
H. crepitans | 213.54 | 0.51 | 452.09 | 1.08 | 601.97 | 1.43 | 1267.60 | 3.01 |
Inga sp. | 254.84 | 0.61 | 419.91 | 1.00 | 629.70 | 1.50 | 1304.45 | 3.10 |
O. parvifolia | 491.96 | 1.17 | 1015.02 | 2.41 | 1291.14 | 3.07 | 2798.12 | 6.65 |
Coexistence | 1.35 | 0.003 | 137.63 | 0.33 | 2619.48 | 6.23 | 2758.45 | 6.56 |
Species | High Potential Distribution in the Regional Conservation System | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservation Category | Total | ||||||
PCA | RCA | PNA | CC | RZ | km2 | % Amazonas | |
A. leiocarpa | 4.16 | 23.30 | 4.61 | 32.07 | 0.08 | ||
C. spruceanum | 3.92 | 3.92 | 0.01 | ||||
C. decandra | 1.17 | 11.74 | 16.54 | 124.82 | 154.26 | 0.37 | |
C. montana | 220.89 | 140.14 | 8.37 | 185.43 | 3.16 | 557.98 | 1.33 |
C. odorata | 3.94 | 1.76 | 5.70 | 0.01 | |||
C.cateniformis | 11.19 | 42.68 | 24.29 | 78.16 | 0.19 | ||
C. pentandra | 1.39 | 16.29 | 17.68 | 0.04 | |||
H. crepitans | 2.39 | 9.61 | 12.00 | 0.03 | |||
Inga sp. | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.46 | 0.00 | |||
O. parvifolia | 4.68 | 7.48 | 32.33 | 44.49 | 0.11 | ||
Total | 222.06 | 140.14 | 46.7 | 288.34 | 209.34 | 906.72 | 2.16 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Cotrina Sánchez, D.A.; Barboza Castillo, E.; Rojas Briceño, N.B.; Oliva, M.; Torres Guzman, C.; Amasifuen Guerra, C.A.; Bandopadhyay, S. Distribution Models of Timber Species for Forest Conservation and Restoration in the Andean-Amazonian Landscape, North of Peru. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7945. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197945
Cotrina Sánchez DA, Barboza Castillo E, Rojas Briceño NB, Oliva M, Torres Guzman C, Amasifuen Guerra CA, Bandopadhyay S. Distribution Models of Timber Species for Forest Conservation and Restoration in the Andean-Amazonian Landscape, North of Peru. Sustainability. 2020; 12(19):7945. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197945
Chicago/Turabian StyleCotrina Sánchez, Dany A., Elgar Barboza Castillo, Nilton B. Rojas Briceño, Manuel Oliva, Cristóbal Torres Guzman, Carlos A. Amasifuen Guerra, and Subhajit Bandopadhyay. 2020. "Distribution Models of Timber Species for Forest Conservation and Restoration in the Andean-Amazonian Landscape, North of Peru" Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7945. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197945