Sustainable Development at Saudi Arabian Universities: An Overview of Institutional Frameworks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Role of the Institutional Framework in achieving SD at HEIs
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Background of Saudi Higher Education System
3.2. Data Collection and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Distribution of Universities, and University Students and Faculties in Saudi Arabia
4.2. Vision/Missions, and Policies for SD at Saudi Universities
4.3. Campus Sustainability Governance
4.4. Collaboration and Community Outreach
4.5. Sustainability Ranking and Networking
4.6. Campus Sustainability Assessment and Reporting
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Abdullah, A.H.; Razman, R.; Muslim, R. A Review on Critical Success Factors of Governance towards Sustainable Campus Operations. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017, 226, 012057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alshuwaikhat, H.M.; Abubakar, I. An integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability: Assessment of the current campus environmental management practices. J. Clean. Prod. 2008, 16, 1777–1785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lozano, R.; Lozano, F.J.; Mulder, K.; Huisingh, D.; Waas, T. Advancing higher education sustainable development: International insights and critical reflections. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 48, 3–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leal Filho, W.; Wu, Y.C.J.; Brandli, L.L.; Avila, L.V.; Azeiteiro, U.M.; Caeiro, S.; Madruga, L.R.D. Identifying and overcoming obstacles to the implementation of sustainable development at universities. J. Integr. Environ. Sci. 2017, 14, 93–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lozano, R. The state of sustainability reporting in universities. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2011, 12, 67–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lozano, R.; Ceulemans, K.; Alonso-Almeida, M.; Huisingh, D.; Lozano, F.J.; Waas, T.; Hugé, J. A review of commitment and implementation of sustainable development in higher education: Results from a worldwide survey. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 108, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leal Filho, W.; Shiel, C.; Paço, A.D. Integrative approaches to environmental sustainability at universities: An overview of challenges and priorities. J. Integr. Environ. Sci. 2015, 12, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aleixo, A.M.; Leal, S.; Azeiteiro, U.M. Conceptualizations of sustainability in Portuguese higher education: Roles, barriers, and challenges toward sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 172, 1664–1673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leal Filho, W.; Brandli, L.L.; Becker, D.; Skanavis, C.; Kounani, A.; Sardi, C.; Papaioannidou, D.; Paço, A.; Azeiteiro, U.; de Sousa, L.O.; et al. Sustainable development policies as indicators and pre-conditions for sustainability efforts at universities. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2018, 19, 85–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abubakar, I.R. Role of higher institutions of learning in promoting smart growth in developing countries: University of Dammam as a case study. In Proceedings of the IFKAD 2013: 8th International Forum on Knowledge Assets Dynamics. Smart Growth: Organizations, Cities and Communities, Zagreb, Croatia, 12–14 June 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Calder, W.; Clugston, R.M. International efforts to promote higher education for sustainable development. Plan. High. Educ. 2003, 31, 30–44. [Google Scholar]
- The World Bank. World Development Indicators 2016: Featuring the Sustainable Development Goals. Databank. 2016. Available online: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/WDI_excel.zip (accessed on 11 December 2018).
- Abubakar, I.R.; Aina, Y.A. The prospects and challenges of developing more inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities in Nigeria. Land Use Policy 2019, 87, 104105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Purcell, W.M.; Henriksen, H.; Spengler, J.D. Universities as the engine of transformational sustainability toward delivering the sustainable development goals. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2019, 20, 1343–1357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mawonde, A.; Togo, M. Implementation of SDGs at the University of South Africa. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2019, 20, 932–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leal Filho, W.; Shiel, C.; Paço, A.; Mifsud, M.; Ávila, L.V.; Brandli, L.L.; Molthan-Hill, P.; Pace, P.; Azeiteiro, U.M.; Vargas, V.R.; et al. Sustainable Development Goals and sustainability teaching at universities: Falling behind or getting ahead of the pack? J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 232, 285–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mader, C.; Scott, G.; Razak, D.A. Effective change management, governance and policy for sustainability transformation in higher education. Sustain. Account. Manag. Policy J. 2013, 4, 264–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mcmillin, J.; Dyball, R. Developing a whole-of-university approach to educating for sustainability: Linking curriculum, research, and sustainable campus operations. J. Educ. Sustain. Dev. 2009, 3, 55–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rath, K.; Schmitt, C.T. Sustainability at Universities: Degrees of Institutionalization for Sustainability at German Higher Education Institutions—A Categorization Pattern. In Handbook of Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development in Higher Education; Hendershot, L.M., Ed.; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 451–470. [Google Scholar]
- Blanco-Portela, N.; Benayas, J.; Pertierra, L.R.; Lozano, R. Towards the integration of sustainability in Higher Education Institutions: A review of drivers of and barriers to organisational change and their comparison against those found of companies. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 166, 563–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alshuwaikhat, H.M.; Adenle, Y.A.; Saghir, B. Sustainability Assessment of Higher Education Institutions in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2016, 8, 750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abubakar, I.R.; Al-Shihri, F.S.; Ahmed, S.M. Students’ Assessment of Campus Sustainability at the University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2016, 8, 59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) USA. The World Factbook. Middle East: Saudi Arabia. 2020. Available online: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html (accessed on 21 August 2020).
- Malik, K.; Rahman, S.M.; Khondaker, A.N.; Abubakar, I.R.; Aina, Y.A.; Hasan, M.A. Renewable energy utilization to promote sustainability in GCC countries: Policies, drivers, and barriers. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 20798–20814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gazzeh, K.; Abubakar, I.R. Regional disparity in access to basic public services in Saudi Arabia: A sustainability challenge. Util. Policy 2018, 52, 70–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mu’azu, N.D.; Abubakar, I.R.; Blaisi, N.I. Public acceptability of treated wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia: Implications for water management policy. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 721, 137659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abubakar, I.R.; Dano, U.L. Sustainable urban planning strategies for mitigating climate change in Saudi Arabia. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2020, 22, 5129–5152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alsharif, M.A.; Peters, M.D.; Dixon, T.J. Designing and implementing effective campus sustainability in Saudi Arabian universities: An assessment of drivers and barriers in a rational choice theoretical context. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aina, Y.A.; Wafer, A.; Ahmed, F.; Alshuwaikhat, H.M. Top-down sustainable urban development? Urban governance transformation in Saudi Arabia. Cities 2019, 90, 272–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alghamdi, N.; den Heijer, A.; de Jonge, H. Assessment tools’ indicators for sustainability in universities: An analytical overview. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2017, 18, 84–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- James, M.; Card, K. Factors contributing to institutions achieving environmental sustainability. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2012, 13, 166–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zenchanka, S.; Malchenka, S. Three “Gs” for Campus Sustainability Development. In Handbook of Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development in Higher Education; Hendershot, L.M., Ed.; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 291–302. [Google Scholar]
- Hamón, L.S.; Aldaz, C.B.; Pomeda, J.R.; Fernández, F.S.; De Navarrete, F.C.F. From ecocity to ecocampus: Sustainability policies in university campuses. In Urban Regeneration and Sustainability; Brebbia, C.A., Galiano-Garrigos, A., Eds.; WIT Press: Southampton, UK, 2017; pp. 185–195. [Google Scholar]
- Zen, I.S.; Subramaniam, D.; Sulaiman, H.; Omar, W.; Salim, M.R. Institutionalize waste minimization governance towards campus sustainability: A case study of Green Office initiatives in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 135, 1407–1422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bauer, M.; Bormann, I.; Kummer, B.; Niedlich, S.; Rieckmann, M. Sustainability governance at universities: Using a governance equalizer as a research heuristic. High. Educ. Policy 2018, 31, 491–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niedlich, S.; Bauer, M.; Doneliene, M.; Jaeger, L.; Rieckmann, M.; Bormann, I. Assessment of Sustainability Governance in Higher Education Institutions—A Systemic Tool Using a Governance Equalizer. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adenle, Y.A.; Chan, E.H.; Sun, Y.; Chau, C.K. Modifiable Campus-Wide Appraisal Model (MOCAM) for Sustainability in Higher Education Institutions. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Disterheft, A.; Caeiro, S.; Azeiteiro, U.M.; Leal Filho, W. Sustainable universities—A study of critical success factors for participatory approaches. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 106, 11–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Awuzie, B.O.; Abuzeinab, A. Modelling organisational factors influencing sustainable development implementation performance in higher education institutions: An interpretative structural modelling (ISM) approach. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bauer, M.; Niedlich, S.; Rieckmann, M.; Bormann, I.; Jaeger, L. Interdependencies of Culture and Functions of Sustainability Governance at Higher Education Institutions. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schopp, K.; Bornemann, M.; Potthast, T. The Whole-Institution Approach at the University of Tübingen: Sustainable Development Set in Practice. Sustainability 2020, 12, 861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ramísio, P.J.; Pinto, L.M.C.; Gouveia, N.; Costa, H.; Arezes, D. Sustainability Strategy in Higher Education Institutions: Lessons learned from a nine-year case study. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 222, 300–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bieler, A.; McKenzie, M. Strategic planning for sustainability in Canadian higher education. Sustainability 2017, 9, 161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Amaral, L.P.; Martins, N.; Gouveia, J.B. Quest for a sustainable university: A review. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2015, 16, 155–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brinkhurst, M.; Rose, P.; Maurice, G.; Ackerman, J.D. Achieving campus sustainability: Top-down, bottom-up, or neither? Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2011, 12, 338–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alshuwaikhat, H.M.; Abubakar, I.R.; Aina, Y.A.; Saghir, B. Networking the Sustainable Campus Awards: Engaging with the Higher Education Institutions in Developing Countries. In Handbook of Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development in Higher Education; Hendershot, L.M., Ed.; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 93–107. [Google Scholar]
- Karatzoglou, B. An in-depth literature review of the evolving roles and contributions of universities to education for sustainable development. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 49, 44–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- General Authority for Statistics. Statistical Yearbook of 2016|Issue Number 52. Chapter 2: Population. 2016. Available online: https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/866-0 (accessed on 2 August 2020).
- MoE, Saudi Arabia. Higher Education Statistics. 2020. Available online: https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/HigherEducation/governmenthighereducation/Pages/HES.aspx (accessed on 13 July 2020).
- Amey, L.; Plummer, R.; Pickering, G. Website communications for campus sustainability: An analysis of Canadian universities. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2020, 21, 531–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madeira, A.C.; Carravilla, M.A.; Oliveira, J.F.; Costa, C.A.V. A methodology for sustainability evaluation and reporting in higher education institutions. High. Educ. Policy 2011, 24, 459–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Velazquez, L.; Mungula, N.; Plat, A.; Taddel, J. Sustainability university: What can be the matter? J. Clean. Prod. 2006, 14, 810–819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alshuwaikhat, H.M.; Abubakar, I.R.; Aina, Y.A.; Adenle, Y.A.; Umair, M. The Development of a GIS-Based Model for Campus Environmental Sustainability Assessment. Sustainability 2017, 9, 439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wright, T.S. Definitions and frameworks for environmental sustainability in higher education. High. Educ. Policy 2002, 15, 105–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dade, A.; Hassenzahl, D.M. Communicating sustainability: A content analysis of website communications in the United States. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2013, 14, 254–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wals, A.E. Sustainability in higher education in the context of the UN DESD: A review of learning and institutionalization processes. J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 62, 8–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UNESCO. UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. 2005. Available online: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001416/141629e.pdf (accessed on 3 August 2020).
- Abubakar, I.R. Sustainable University Accreditation and Certification. In Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Higher Education; Hendershot, L.M., Ed.; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 1853–1862. [Google Scholar]
- Aina, Y.A.; Abubakar, I.R.; Alshuwaikhat, H.B. Global Campus Sustainability Ranking. In Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Higher Education; Hendershot, L.M., Ed.; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 743–752. [Google Scholar]
- UI Green Metric. Available online: http://greenmetric.ui.ac.id/country-list2019/?country=Saudi_Arabia (accessed on 3 August 2020).
- Times Higher Education Sustainability Ranking. Impact Rankings 2020. Available online: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/impact/2020/overall#!/page/0/length/25/locations/SA/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/undefined (accessed on 3 August 2020).
- International Sustainable Campus Network. Ward Winners. Available online: https://international-sustainable-campus-network.org/awards/2010-award-winners/ (accessed on 3 August 2020).
- STARS. STARS Participants & Reports. Available online: https://reports.aashe.org/institutions/participants-and-reports/ (accessed on 3 August 2020).
- LEED. Projects. Available online: https://www.usgbc.org/projects?Country=%5B%22Saudi+Arabia%22%5D (accessed on 3 August 2020).
- Farinha, C.; Caeiro, S.; Azeiteiro, U. Sustainability strategies in Portuguese higher education institutions: Commitments and practices from internal insights. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Karvinen, M.; Lundgren, U.; Mälkki, H.; Sorvari, J. The Implementation of Sustainable Development in the Nordic Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). In Handbook of Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development in Higher Education; Hendershot, L.M., Ed.; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 169–187. [Google Scholar]
- Aina, Y.A.; Amosa, M.K.; Orewole, M.O. Students’ Perception on Sustainability. In Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Higher Education; Hendershot, L.M., Ed.; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 1553–1560. [Google Scholar]
- Bekessy, S.A.; Samson, K.; Clarkson, R.E. The failure of non-binding declarations to achieve university sustainability: A need for accountability. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2007, 8, 301–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verhulst, E.; Lambrechts, W. Fostering the incorporation of sustainable development in higher education. Lessons learned from a change management perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 106, 189–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoover, E.; Harder, M.K. What lies beneath the surface? The hidden complexities of organizational change for sustainability in higher education. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 106, 175–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lidgren, A.; Rodhe, H.; Huisingh, D. A systemic approach to incorporate sustainability into university courses and curricula. J. Clean. Prod. 2006, 14, 797–809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasan, M.A.; Abubakar, I.R.; Rahman, S.M.; Aina, Y.A.; Chowdhury, M.M.I.; Khondaker, A.N. The synergy between climate change policies and national development goals: Implications for sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 249, 119369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AlQahtany, A.M.; Abubakar, I.R. Public perception and attitudes to disaster risks in a coastal metropolis of Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2020, 44, 101422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramos, T.B.; Caeiro, S.; van Hoof, B.; Lozano, R.; Huisingh, D.; Ceulemans, K. Experiences from the implementation of sustainable development in higher education institutions: Environmental management for sustainable universities. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 106, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alshuwaikhat, H.M.; Abubakar, I. Towards a sustainable urban environmental management approach (SUEMA): Incorporating environmental management with strategic environmental assessment (SEA). J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 2007, 50, 257–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abubakar, I.R.; Bununu, Y.A. Low carbon city: Strategies and case studies. In Sustainable Cities and Communities. Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Higher Education; Hendershot, L.M., Ed.; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 366–376. [Google Scholar]
Population | Universities | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Increase | Public | Private | Total | Increase | |
1990 | 16,326,815 | - | 7 (100%) | 0 | 7 | - |
2000 | 20,764,312 | 27.2% | 8 (80.0%) | 2 (20.0%) | 10 | 42.9% |
2010 | 27,563,432 | 32.7% | 25 (75.8%) | 8 (24.2%) | 33 | 230.0% |
2020 | 34,218,169 | 24.1% | 30 (68.2%) | 14 (32.8%) | 44 | 30.3% |
Province | 2016 Population [48] | Land Area (km2) [48] | Population/ University | Number of Students [49] | Number of Faculty [49] | Students/ Faculty |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Makkah | 8,338,321 (26.2%) | 153,128 (7.1%) | 926,480 | 419,819 (25.0%) | 20,036 (23.9%) | 21.0 |
Riyadh | 8,014,678 (25.2%) | 404,240 (18.8%) | 572,477 | 386,410 (23.0%) | 24,163 (28.8%) | 16.0 |
Sharqiya | 4,787,375 (15.1%) | 672,522 (31.3%) | 957,475 | 323,662 (19.3%) | 9942 (11.9%) | 32.6 |
Asir | 2,166,983 (6.8%) | 76,693 (3.6%) | 1,083,492 | 97,947 (5.8%) | 5030 (6.0%) | 19.5 |
Jazan | 1,535,167 (4.8%) | 1671 (0.5%) | 1,535,167 | 67,426 (4.0%) | 3115 (3.7%) | 21.6 |
Madinah | 2,083,326 (6.6%) | 151,990 (7.1%) | 694,442 | 108,213 (6.4%) | 5637 (6.7%) | 19.2 |
Qassim | 1,389,929 (4.4%) | 58,046 (2.7%) | 694,965 | 88,313 (5.3%) | 5208 (6.2%) | 17.0 |
Tabuk | 891,813 (2.8%) | 146,072 (6.8%) | 445,907 | 41,814 (2.5%) | 2187 (2.6%) | 19.1 |
Hail | 685,423 (2.2%) | 103,887 (4.8%) | 685,423 | 42,021 (2.5%) | 2172 (2.6%) | 19.3 |
Al-Baha | 466,946 (1.5%) | 9921 (0.5%) | 466,946 | 29,916 (1.8%) | 1715 (2.0%) | 17.4 |
Al-Jawf | 498,081 (1.6%) | 100,212 (4.7%) | 498,081 | 33,258 (2.0%) | 1682 (2.0%) | 19.8 |
Najran | 569,875 (1.8%) | 149,511 (7.0%) | 569,875 | 23,661 (1.4%) | 1775 (2.1%) | 13.3 |
Northern Border | 359,663 (1.1%) | 111,797 (5.2%) | 359,663 | 18,453 (1.1%) | 1222 (1.5%) | 15.1 |
National | 31,787,580 | 2,149,690 | 722,445 | 1,680,913 | 83,884 | 20.0 |
Universities | Sustainable Development Vision or Mission | Campus/Strategic Plan |
---|---|---|
Public | 22 (50.0%) | 18 (40.9%) |
Private | 10 (22.7%) | 2 (4.5%) |
Total | 32 (72.7%) | 20 (45.5%) |
Universities | Office/Department/Unit | Staff/Student Engagement |
---|---|---|
Public | 20 (45.5%) | 15 (34.1%) |
Private | 3 (6.8%) | 4 (9.1%) |
Total | 23 (52.3%) | 19 (43.2%) |
Universities | Collaboration and Partnerships in SD | Community Outreach in SD |
---|---|---|
Public | 21 (47.7%) | 24 (54.5%) |
Private | 7 (15.9%) | 6 (13.6%) |
Total | 28 (63.6%) | 30 (68.2%) |
Year | Name | Category | No of Universities |
---|---|---|---|
2019 | University of Indonesia Green Metric [60] | Ranking | 6 (13.6%) |
2020 | Times Higher Education Impact Ranking [61] | Ranking | 5 (11.4% |
2010 | International Sustainable Campus Network [62] | Award | 1 (2.3%) |
2012 | Sustainability Tracking, Assessment, and Rating System [63] | Rating | 2 (4.5%) |
2018 | Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design [64] | Certification | 5 (11.4%) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Abubakar, I.R.; Aina, Y.A.; Alshuwaikhat, H.M. Sustainable Development at Saudi Arabian Universities: An Overview of Institutional Frameworks. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8008. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198008
Abubakar IR, Aina YA, Alshuwaikhat HM. Sustainable Development at Saudi Arabian Universities: An Overview of Institutional Frameworks. Sustainability. 2020; 12(19):8008. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198008
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbubakar, Ismaila Rimi, Yusuf A. Aina, and Habib M. Alshuwaikhat. 2020. "Sustainable Development at Saudi Arabian Universities: An Overview of Institutional Frameworks" Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8008. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198008