Reassessing the Role of Shared Mobility Services in a Transport Transition: Can They Contribute the Rise of an Alternative Socio-Technical Regime of Mobility?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework and State of Research
2.1. Theoretical Framework: Models of Socio-Technical Change
2.1.1. Multi-Level-Model of Socio-Technical Transitions
2.1.2. Complexity: Feedback Loops, Tipping Points, and Windows of Opportunity
2.1.3. Upscaling, Network Building, and Breakthrough
2.1.4. Mobility Politics in Transition: The Key Role of Access to Public Space
2.1.5. Transformation Dynamics: Analytical Versus Normative Concepts
2.2. Assessing the Role of SMS in Sustainable Mobility Transitions
3. Mobility and Mobility Politics in Germany: Cities as Birthplaces of an Alternative Mobility Regime?
3.1. Background: Structures of the Socio-Technical System of Mobility in Germany
3.2. Cracks in the Regime: Beginning the “Street Fight” and the Rise of SMS in Berlin
3.3. Limited Action Spaces for Regulation
4. Exploring Potential for Conflict or Coalition Building: Insights from a Workshop Series
4.1. Format, Aims, and Goals of the Workshop Series
- Which problems did SMS providers perceive in the interaction with public authorities? Seen from their perspective, how could city authorities support the growth of SMS?
- Did SMS providers from different market segments see similar challenges? Could they agree on common interests?
- Which problems and concerns did representatives of the municipal/state level have regarding the rise of SMS? To what extent could providers and municipal actors agree on possible solutions for the problems identified?
4.2. Key Findings: Problem Perceptions of SMS Providers and Public Authorities
4.2.1. Access to Public Space
4.2.2. Coverage: City Center Versus Outskirts
4.2.3. Access to Data
4.2.4. Communication
5. Discussion: Windows of Opportunity for a Re-Distribution of Public Space?
5.1. Upscaling and Breakthrough in the Context of Established Regime Structures
5.2. Conflict or Coalition Building?
5.3. Complexity Unfolding: Upscaling and Feedback Loops
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Perspective of Service Providers | Key Characteristics of Specific Market Segments (Car-, Bike, E-Scooter-, Mopedsharing) | Perspective of Municipal Actors | Possible Solutions Discussed in the Workshops | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Access to public space |
|
|
|
|
Coverage |
|
|
|
|
Data |
|
|
| |
Communication |
|
|
|
|
References
- IPCC2018: Summary for Policymakers. In Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 °C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.; Skea, J.; Shukla, P.R.; Pirani, A.; Moufouma-Okia, W.; Péan, C.; Pidcock, R.; et al. (Eds.) IPCC: Geneva, Switzerland, 2018; in press; Available online: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- BMU 2020: Klimaschutz in Zahlen: Sektorenziele 2030. Available online: https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/klimaschutz_in_zahlen_sektorenziele2030_bf.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Agora Verkehrswende. Klimaschutz im Verkehr: Maßnahmen zur Erreichung des Sektorziels 2030; Agora Verkehrswende: Berlin, Germany, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Winkler, C.; Seum, S. Mobilitätsszenarien 2040: Verkehrswachstum und Treibhausgasminderungen–Geht das zusammen? Ph.D. Thesis, Verkehrswissenschaftliche Tage, Dresden, Germany, 14–15 March 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Ruhrort, L. Transformation im Verkehr. In Erfolgsbedingungen für Verkehrspolitische Schlüsselmaßnahmen; Springer: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Geels, F.W. A socio-technical analysis of low-carbon transitions: Introducing the multi-level perspective into transport studies. J. Transp. Geogr. 2012, 24, 471–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerike, R.; Hubrich, S.; Ließke, F.; Wittig, S.; Wittwer, R. Was sich zeigt. Präsentation und Diskussion der Ergebnisse des SrV 2018, Ergebnisdarstellung zum 11. In Erhebungsjahrgang, Mobilität in Städten–SrV 2018; Technische Universität Dresden: Dresden, Germany, 13 March 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Andor, M.; Frondel, M.; Horvath, M.; Larysch, T.; Ruhrort, L. Präferenzen und Einstellungen zu vieldiskutierten verkehrspolitischen Maßnahmen: Ergebnisse einer Erhebung aus dem Jahr 2018. List Forum Für Wirtsch. Und Finanzpolit. 2020, 45, 255–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schwedes, O. Das Berliner Mobilitätsgesetz. Ein entscheidender Beitrag zur “Verkehrswende” in der Hauptstadt!—Eine Entgegnung. Planerin 2018, 6, 52. [Google Scholar]
- Scherf, C.; Knie, A.; Pfaff, T.; Ruhrort, L.; Schade, W.; Streif, M. Mobilitätsmonitor Nr. 10. Stadt- und Straßenbahn, Shared Mobility, Taxi und Funkmietwagen, Einzugsraum des ÖPNV. Int. Verk. 2020, 72, 40–43. [Google Scholar]
- Docherty, I.; Marsden, G.; Anable, J. The governance of smart mobility. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract 2018, 115, 114–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polis 2019: Macro Managing Micro Mobility. Taking the Long View on Short Trips. Discussion Paper. Available online: https://www.polisnetwork.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Polis-Paper-Macromanaging-MicroMobility.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Canzler, W.; Knie, A.; Ruhrort, L.; Scherf, C. Erloschene Liebe? In Das Auto in der Verkehrswende; Transcript: Bielefeld, Germany, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Kuhnimhof, T.; Nobis, C.; Hillmann, K.; Follmer, R.; Eggs, J. Veränderungen im Mobilitätsverhalten zur Förderung Einer Nachhaltigen Mobilität-Schlussbericht; Umweltbundesamt: Dessau-Roßlau, Germany, 2019; Available online: https://elib.dlr.de/133798/1/2019-08-29-texte_101-2019_mobilitaetsverhalten.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Mont, O.K. Clarifying the concept of product–service system. J. Clean. Prod. 2002, 10, 237–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schaefers, T. Exploring Carsharing Usage Motives: A Hierarchical Means-end Chain Analysis. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2013, 47, 69–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Plewnia, F.; Guenther, E. Mapping the sharing economy for sustainability research. Manag. Decis. 2018, 56, 570–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becker, H.; Balac, M.; Ciari, F.; Axhausen, K.W. Assessing the welfare impacts of Shared Mobility and Mobility as a Service (MaaS). Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2020, 131, 228–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pangbourne, K.; Mladenović, M.N.; Stead, D.; Milakis, D. Questioning mobility as a service: Unanticipated implications for society and governance. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2020, 131, 35–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buhler, R. Transport Policies, Automobile Use, and Sustainable Transport: A Comparison of Germany and the United States. J. Plan. Educ. Res. 2010, 30, 76–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henderson, J.; Gulsrud, N.M. Street Fights in Copenhagen: Bicycle and Car Politics in a Green Mobility City; Routledge: London, UK, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Geels, F.W.; Schwanen, T.; Sorrell, S.; Jenkins, K.; Sovacool, B. Reducing energy demand through low carbon innvovation: A sociotechnical transitions perspective and thirteen research debates. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2018, 40, 23–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geels, F.; Kemp, R.; Dudley, G.; Lyons, G. Automobility in Transition? A Socio-Technical Analysis of Sustainable Transport; Routledge: London, UK, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Köhler, J.; Geels, F.W.; Kern, F.; Markard, J.; Wieczorek, A.; Alkemade, F.; Avelino, F.; Bergek, A.; Boons, F.; Fünfschilling, L.; et al. An agenda for sustainability transitions research: State of the art and future directions. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. 2019, 31, 1–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Urry, J. The System’ of Automobility. TheoryCult. Soc. 2004, 21, 25–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Watson, M. How theories of practice can inform transition to a decarbonized transport system. J. Transp. Geogr. 2012, 24, 488–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Smith, A.; Raven, R. What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability. Res. Policy 2012, 41, 1025–1036. [Google Scholar]
- Geels, F.W. Regime Resistance against low-carbon transitions: Introducing politics and power into the multi-level perspective. Theorycult. Soc. 2014, 31, 21–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Law, J. Technology and Heterogeneous Engineering: The Case of Portuguese Expansion. In The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1987; pp. 1–134. [Google Scholar]
- Sengers, F. Mobility Transitions in a Multi-level Perspective. In: IDEAS IN MOTION. Theorizing Mobility Transitions. An Interdisciplinary Conversation. Transfers 2019, 7, 113–129. [Google Scholar]
- Lasswell, H.D. Politics: Who Gets What, When, How; Pickle Partners Publishing: Cleveland, NY, USA, 1936. [Google Scholar]
- Henderson, J. Street Fight: The Politics of Mobility in San Francisco; University of Massachusetts Press: Amherst, MA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Cresswell, T. Towards a politics of mobility. Environ. Plan. D Soc. Space 2010, 28, 17–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paterson, M. Automobile Politics: Ecology and Cultural Political Economy; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Buehler, R.; Pucher, J.; Altshuler, A. Vienna’s Path to Sustainable Transport. Int. J. Sustain. Transp. 2016, 11, 257–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gössling, S. Urban Transport Transitions: Copenhagen, City of Cyclists. J. Transp. Geogr. 2013, 33, 196–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oldenziel, R.; de la Bruheze, A.A. Contested spaces: Bicycle Lanes in Urban Europe 1900-1995. Transf. Interdiscip. Rev. Mobil. Stud. 2011, 1, 29–49. [Google Scholar]
- Oldenziel, R.; Emmanuel, M.; dela Bruheze, A.A.; Veraart, F. (Eds.) Cycling Cities: The European Experience; Foundation for the History of Technology: Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Brand, U.; Wissen, M. What Kind of Great Transformation? The Imperial Mode of Living as a Major Obstacle to Sustainability Politics. GAIA 2018, 27, 287–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zimmer, W.; Blanck, R.; Bergmann, T.; Mottschall, M.; von Waldenfels, R.; Cyganski, R.; Wolfermann, A.; Winkler, C.; Heinrichs, M.; Dünnebeil, F.; et al. Endbericht Renewbility III-Optionen einer Dekarbonisierung des Verkehrssektors. 2016. Available online: http://www.renewbility.de/wp-content/uploads/Renewbility_III_Endbericht.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Becker, H.; Ciari, F.; Axhausen, K. Measuring the car ownership impact of free-floating car-sharing—A case study in Basel, Switzerland. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2018, 65, 51–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shaheen, S.; Cohen, A.; Zohdy, I. Shared Mobility: Current Practices and Guiding Principles (No. FHWA-HOP-16-022); Federal Highway Administration: Washington, DC, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Kopp, J.; Gerike, R.; Axhausen, K.W. Do Sharing People Behave Differently? An Empirical Evaluation of the Distinctive Mobility Patterns of Free-Floating Car-Sharing Members. Transportation 2015, 42, 449–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hülsmann, F.; Wiepking, J.; Zimmer, W.; Hacker, F.; Kasten, P.; Schmolck, B.; Schönau, M.; Waldenfels, R.; Sunderer, G.; Götz, K.; et al. Share –Wissenschaftliche Begleitforschung zu car2go mit Batterieelektrischen und Konventionellen Fahrzeugen; Öko-Insitut/ISOE-Institut für Sozial-Ökologische Forschung: Berlin/Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Ma, X.; Yuan, Y.; Van Oort, N.; Hoogendoorn, S. Bike-sharing systems’ impact on modal shift: A case study in Delft, the Netherlands. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 259, 120846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fischman, E. Bikeshare: A Review of Recent Literature. Transp. Rev. 2016, 36, 92–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- City of Portland: 2018 E-Scooter Findings Report. Available online: https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/78431 (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Krier, C.; Chrétien, J.; Louvet, N. Usages et Usagers de Services de Trottinettes Électriques en Free-Floating en France. Available online: https://6-t.co/trottinettes-freefloating/ (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Hollingsworth, J.; Copeland, B.; Johnson, J.X. Are e-scooters polluters? The environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters. Environ. Res. Lett. 2019, 14, 084031. [Google Scholar]
- Jittrapirom, P.; Caiati, V.; Feneri, A.; Ebrahimigharehbaghi, S.; Alonso González, M.J.; Narayan, J. Mobility as a Service: A critical review of definitions, assessments of schemes, and key challenges. Urban Plan. 2017, 2, 13–25. [Google Scholar]
- Utriainen, R.; Pöllänen, M. Review on Mobility as a Service in scientific literature. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Mobility as a Service (ICoMaaS), Tampere, Finland, 28–29 November 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Lyons, G. Getting smart about urban mobility–Aligning the paradigms of smart and sustainable. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2018, 115, 4–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brand, U.; Welzer, H. Alltag und Situation. Soziokulturelle Dimensionen sozial-ökologischer Transformation. Transform. Bd. 2019, 28, 313–332. [Google Scholar]
- Groth, S. Multioptionalität. Ein neuer (“alter”) Terminus in der Alltagsmobilität der modernen Gesellschaft? Raumforsch. Und Raumordn. 2019, 77, 17–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nobis, C.; Kuhnimhof, T. Mobilität in Deutschland–MiD Ergebnisbericht. Studie von Infas, DLR, IVT und Infas 360 im Auftrag des Bundesministers für Verkehr und Digitale Infrastruktur (FE-Nr. 70.904/15). 2018. Available online: http://www.mobilitaet-in-deutschland.de/pdf/MiD2017_Ergebnisbericht.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Schwedes, O. The Field of Transport Policy: An Initial Approach. Ger. Policy Stud. 2011, 7, 7–41. [Google Scholar]
- Statista: Bestand an Personenkraftwagen in Berlin von 2008 bis 2020. Available online: https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/255179/umfrage/bestand-an-pkw-in-berlin/ (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Destatis: Automobilindustrie: Deutschlands wichtigster Industriezweig mit Produktionsrückgang um 7,1 % im 2. Halbjahr 2018, Pressemitteilung Nr. 139 vom 9. April 2019. Available online: https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2019/04/PD19_139_811.html (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Brunnengräber, A.; Haas, T. (Eds.) Baustelle Elektromobilität: Sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf die Transformation der (Auto-) Mobilität (Vol. 95); Transcript: Bielefeld, Germany, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Hermann, A.; Klinski, S.; Heyen, D.A.; Kasten, P. Rechtliche Hemmnisse und Innovationen für eine nachhaltige Mobilität–untersucht an Beispielen des Straßenverkehrs und des Öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs in Räumen schwacher Nachfrage; Umweltbundesamt: Dessau-Roßlau, Germany, 2019; Available online: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2019-08-20_texte_94-2019_rechtsinnmobil_1-teilbericht-recht-innovation_0.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Notz, J.N. Die Privatisierung Öffentlichen Raums Durch Parkende Kfz. Von der Tragödie Einer Allmende –über Ursache, Wirkung und LEGITIMATION Einer Gemeinwohlschädigenden Regulierungspraxis; IVP-Discussion Paper; Technische Universität Berlin: Berlin. Germany, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Bracher, T.; Bührmann, S.; Hanke, S.; Hertel, M.; Weber, T. Grundlegender Änderungsbedarf im Straßen- und Straßenverkehrsrecht. Anforderungen des Radverkehrs und Änderungsvorschläge, Sonderberichte; Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik: Berlin, Germany, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Association of German Cities (Deutscher Städtetag) Sustainable Urban Mobility for all. Agenda for a Mobility Transition from Municipal Stand Point. A position Paper by the Association of German Cities. 2018. Available online: http://www.staedtetag.de/imperia/md/content/dst/veroeffentlichungen/mat/popa_sustainable_urban_mobility_for_all_web.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Haefeli, U. Verkehrspolitik und urbane Mobilität: Deutsche und Schweizer Städte im Vergleich 1950–1990; Universität Bern, zugl. Habil.-Schrift 2006; Steiner: Stuttgart, Germnay, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Schwedes, O.; Ruhrort, L.; Länderverkehrspolitik; Hildebrandt., A.; Wolf, F. Die Politik der Bundesländer. In Zwischen Föderalismusreform und Schuldenbremse; Springer: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2016; pp. 209–232. [Google Scholar]
- Frehn, M.; Aichinger, W.; Spott, M.; Weiß, M. Konzepte für den Stadtverkehr der Zukunft, BBSR-Online-Publikation. 2019. Available online: https://d-nb.info/1187955124/34 (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- SenUVK Berlin 2020: Berliner Mobilitätsgesetz. Available online: https://www.berlin.de/senuvk/verkehr/mobilitaetsgesetz/ (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Götting, K.; Becker, S. Reaktionen auf die Pop-Up-Radwege in Berlin Ergebnisse Einer Explorativen Umfrage zur Temporären Radinfrastruktur im Kontext der Covid-19 Pandemie; IASS/TU Berlin: Potsdam/Berlin, Germany, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Agora Verkehrswende. E-Tretroller im Stadtverkehr. Handlungsempfehlungen für Deutsche Städte und Gemeinden zum Umgang mit Stationslosen Verleihsystemen. 2019. Available online: https://www.agora-verkehrswende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2019/E-Tretroller_im_Stadtverkehr/Agora-Verkehrswende_e-Tretroller_im_Stadtverkehr_WEB.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Koschmieder, N.; Huß, F. E-Scooter. Regulatorische Herausforderung für Kommunen? Die Öffentl. Verwalt. 2020, 3, 81–91. [Google Scholar]
- City of Leipzig 2020: E-Scooter in Leipzig. Wichtige Informationen für Verleiher. Available online: https://www.leipzig.de/umwelt-und-verkehr/unterwegs-in-leipzig/e-scooter/ (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- City of Düsseldorf 2019: Stadt Will E-Scooter-Verleiher Stärker in die Pflicht Nehmen. Available online: https://www.duesseldorf.de/aktuelles/news/detailansicht/newsdetail/stadt-will-e-scooter-verleiher-staerker-in-die-pflicht-nehmen-1.html (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Wissenschaftlicher Dienst (Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages) 2020: E-Scooter. Gemeingebrauch oder Sondernutzung? Ausarbeitung WD3-3000-063/20. Available online: https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/693762/918c7310444ff7be42b17a0cd310c541/WD-3-063-20-pdf-data.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Berlin.de 2020: Einrichtung Weiterer E-Scooter-Stellplätze. Available online: https://www.berlin.de/ba-friedrichshain-kreuzberg/aktuelles/bezirksticker/2020/einrichtung-weiterer-e-scooter-stellplaetze-967992.php2020 (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Neumann, P. Versprochene Parkplätze für E-Scooter Lassen Auf Sich Warten, Berliner Zeitung, 29.6.2020. Available online: https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/mensch-metropole/versprochene-parkplaetze-fuer-e-scooter-lassen-auf-sich-warten-li.90362 (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Westphal, T. Ein Jahr Multimodale Mobilität: Jelbi zieht Bilanz, Movinc, 28 June 2020. Available online: https://movinc.de/bus-bahn/jelbi-zieht-bilanz/ (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- ITF (International Transport Forum): The Shared-Use City. Managing the Curb. 2018. Available online: https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/shared-use-city-managing-curb_3.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
© 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ruhrort, L. Reassessing the Role of Shared Mobility Services in a Transport Transition: Can They Contribute the Rise of an Alternative Socio-Technical Regime of Mobility? Sustainability 2020, 12, 8253. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198253
Ruhrort L. Reassessing the Role of Shared Mobility Services in a Transport Transition: Can They Contribute the Rise of an Alternative Socio-Technical Regime of Mobility? Sustainability. 2020; 12(19):8253. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198253
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuhrort, Lisa. 2020. "Reassessing the Role of Shared Mobility Services in a Transport Transition: Can They Contribute the Rise of an Alternative Socio-Technical Regime of Mobility?" Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8253. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198253