Surface Dust and Aerosol Effects on the Performance of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental and Testing Layout
2.2. Ambient PM10 Concentration Measurement Setup
2.3. Method of Analysis
- Daily Performance ratio calculation according to EN 61724
- Use of bilinear model as reference value
- Calculation of normalized to STC efficiency
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Dust Accumulation
3.2. Effect of Aerosols
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Yingli 60 Cell YGE SERIES | |||
---|---|---|---|
Module Type | YL240P-29b | ||
STC | NOCT | ||
Power Output | W | 240 | 174.3 |
Module efficiency | % | 14.7 | 13.3 |
Voltage at Pmax | W | 29.5 | 26.6 |
Current at Pmax | A | 8.14 | 6.56 |
Open-circuit voltage | V | 37.5 | 34.2 |
Short-circuit current | A | 8.65 | 7.01 |
Normal operating cell temperature (NOCT) | °C | 46+/−2 | |
Temperature coefficient of Pmax | %/°C | −0.45 | |
Temperature coefficient of Voc | %/°C | −0.33 | |
Temperature coefficient of Isc | %/°C | 0.06 | |
Temperature coefficient of Vmpp | %/°C | −0.45 | |
Dimensions(L/W/H) | Mm | 1650/990/40 | |
STC: 1000 W/m2 irradiance, 25 °C cell temperature, AM1.5 G spectrum according to EN 60904-3 | |||
Average relative efficiency reduction of 5% at 200 W/m2 according to EN 60904-3 | |||
NOCT: Open-circuit module operation temperature at 800 W/m2 irradiance, 20 °C ambient temperature, 1 m/s wind speed |
Fronius IG Plus 150V-3 | ||
---|---|---|
PDC,MAX | W | 12,770 |
IDC,MAX | A | 55.5 |
UDC,MIN | V | 230 |
UDC,START | V | 260 |
UDC,R | V | 370 |
UDC,MAX | V | 600 |
PAC,R | W | 12,000 |
IAC,MAX | A | 17.4 |
UAC,R | V | 3-NPE 400/230 |
Maximum efficiency ninv | % | 95.9 |
ninv at 5% PAC,R (230V/370V/500V) | % | 91.8/92.5/91.1 |
ninv at 10% PAC,R (230V/370V/500V) | % | 91.0/94.3/93.2 |
ninv at 20% PAC,R (230V/370V/500V) | % | 94.7/95.1/94.6 |
ninv at 25% PAC,R (230V/370V/500V) | % | 95.1/95.3/94.7 |
ninv at 30% PAC,R (230V/370V/500V) | % | 95.1/95.3/94.9 |
ninv at 50% PAC,R (230V/370V/500V) | % | 95.3/95.9/95.3 |
ninv at 75% PAC,R (230V/370V/500V) | % | 94.7/95.6/95.4 |
ninv at 100% PAC,R (230V/370V/500V) | % | 94.0/95.2/95.1 |
PDC,MAX | W | 12,770 |
IDC,MAX | A | 55.5 |
UDC,MIN | V | 230 |
UDC,START | V | 260 |
Sensor | Mono-Crystalline Si-Sensor |
---|---|
Sensor voltage | 75 mV at 1000 W/m2 (exact calibration voltage written on sensor) |
Accuracy | ±5% (average of a year) |
Ambient temperature | −40 °C to +85 °C |
Design | Sensor mounted on z-shaped aluminum profile |
Dimensions | L × W × H = 55 × 55 × 10 mm |
Fronius Product Nr. | 4,300,011,189 |
Sensor | PT 100 |
---|---|
Measuring Range | −40 °C to +188 °C |
Accuracy | ±0.8 °C (in the range −40 °C to +100 °C) |
Design | Sensor on an adhesive film for measurements on surfaces |
Dimensions | 32 × 32 mm |
Fronius Art.Nr. | 4,300,011,190 |
Sensor Type | 90° Light Scattering |
---|---|
Range | 8530 Desktop 0.001 to 400 mg/m3 |
Resolution | ±0.8 °C (in the range −40 °C to +100 °C) ±0.1% of reading of 0.001 mg/m3, whichever is greater |
Zero Stability | ±0.002 mg/m3 24 h at 10 s time constant |
Particle Size Range | Approximately 0.1 to 10 μm |
Flow Rate | 3.0 L/min set at factory 1.4 to 3.0 L/min adjustable |
Flow Accuracy | ±5% factory setpoint Internal flow controlled |
Temperature Coefficient | +0.001 mg/m3 per °C |
Operational Temp | 0 to 50 °C |
Storage Temp | −20 to 60 °C |
Operational Humidity | 0–95% RH, non-condensing |
Time Constant | Adjustable 1 to 60 s |
Data Logging | 45 days at 1 min samples |
Log Interval | 1 s to 1 h |
Physical Size | (HWD) 5.3 × 8.5 × 8.8 in. |
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PV Panel Surface | PR | Averaged Deviation from Reference Value 1 < AM < 3 (%) | Mean of Normalized Efficiency for the Range 1 < AM < 3 (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Clean, 20-02-2019 | 0.892 | −2.26 | 14.76 |
Clean, 18-03-2019 | 0.869 | −1.45 | 14.65 |
Lightly Soiled, 29-04-2019 | 0.866 | −3.2 | 14.83 |
Medium Soiled, 23-08-2018 | 0.853 | −2.32 | 14.69 |
Heavily soiled, 24-04-2019 | 0.856 | 2.25 | 13.92 |
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Roumpakias, E.; Stamatelos, T. Surface Dust and Aerosol Effects on the Performance of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020569
Roumpakias E, Stamatelos T. Surface Dust and Aerosol Effects on the Performance of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems. Sustainability. 2020; 12(2):569. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020569
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoumpakias, Elias, and Tassos Stamatelos. 2020. "Surface Dust and Aerosol Effects on the Performance of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems" Sustainability 12, no. 2: 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020569
APA StyleRoumpakias, E., & Stamatelos, T. (2020). Surface Dust and Aerosol Effects on the Performance of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems. Sustainability, 12(2), 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020569